U.S. EPA Enforcement of Environmental Regulations in Tennessee: 2005–2008

Defining Environmental Justice Communities for Regulatory Enforcement: Implications from a Block‐Group‐Level Analysis of New York State

“…Meanwhile, empirical studies have concluded that socioeconomic status is an equally important indicator of environmental inequity (Anderton et al, ; Ash & Fetter, ; Been, ; Downey & Hawkins, ; Hird & Reese, ; Mitchell, Thomas, & Cutter, ; Oakes, Anderton, & Anderson, ; Yandle & Burton, ). Furthermore, a growing body of literature has shown that state environmental protection agencies, to a varying degree, perform less rigorous policy implementation activities in minority and low‐income communities (Konisky, , ; Konisky & Schario, ; Liang, ; Lynch, Stretesky, & Burns, ; Malley, Scroggins, & Bohon, ; Mennis, ; Opp, ; Spina, ; but see Cory & Rahman, ).…”

Linking watershed-scale stream health and socioeconomic indicators with spatial clustering and structural equation modeling

“…Measures such as race, poverty, and female head of household were selected to represent concentrated disadvantage, critical demographic changes (Sampson et al, 2008;Adelaja et al, 2009;Ruddel et al, 2010;Harlan et al, 2013). Other selected measures are commonly used in environmental justice research to represent the presence of vulnerable populations (Bowen et al, 1995;Bowen, 2002;Taquino et al, 2002;Brulle and Pellow, 2006;Bullard et al, 2008;Lin and Morefield, 2011;Malley et al, 2012;Sanchez et al, 2014). Table 1 summarizes the selected socioeconomic measures.…”

Latinos and Environmental Justice: Examining the Link between Degenerative Policy, Political Representation, and Environmental Policy Implementation

“…Environmental justice describes "the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies" (U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2011, p. 1). Alongside the uneven environmental hazards observed in socially marginalized and economically disadvantaged communities (Lester et al, 2001;Mohai, Pellow, & Roberts, 2009;Mohai & Saha, 2015;Ringquist, 2005), government's inequitable implementation practices encountered by people of color (e.g., African Americans, Hispanics, American Indians) have drawn increased attention of scholars and practitioners (Konisky, 2009;Konisky & Schario, 2010;Liang, 2016;Lynch et al, 2004;Malley, Scroggins, & Bohon, 2012;Mennis, 2005;Opp, 2012;Spina, 2015;Teodoro, Haider, & Switzer, 2016).…”