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The Eastern Southern Alps fold‐and‐thrust belt (ESA) is part of the seismically active S‐verging retro‐wedge of the European Alps. Its temporal tectonic evolution during continental shortening has so far been constrained by few and low‐resolution indirect time constraints. Aiming at better elucidating the ESA spatiotemporal evolution, we gathered new structural and geochronological data from two regional thrust systems: the innermost south verging Valsugana Thrust (VT) and the more external Belluno Thrust System (BTS). Field work allowed us to constrain the geometry and kinematics of those thrusts and related folds and informed our sampling strategy to carry out fault gouge K‐Ar and tectonic carbonate U‐Pb dating from representative samples structurally associated with the VT and BTS. Our results suggest that the VT was active already in the Late Cretaceous (between ∼78 and 76 Ma) in response to far‐field stresses, with repeated reactivation continuing to the Late Miocene (∼6 Ma). The BTS recorded two distinct deformation events during the Oligocene (∼30 Ma) and at the Oligocene‐Miocene boundary (∼23 Ma). The VT was active for ∼72 Myr and partly acted during out‐of‐sequence thrusting. Based on regional correlations, we propose that the ESA share a similar spatiotemporal deformation history with the central Southern Alps farther to the west. We suggest a conceptual regional tectonic model wherein multiple, broadly coeval deformation events occurred in the entire Southern Alps during their long‐lived orogenic deformation in response to generally continuous NW‐SE shortening.
The Eastern Southern Alps fold‐and‐thrust belt (ESA) is part of the seismically active S‐verging retro‐wedge of the European Alps. Its temporal tectonic evolution during continental shortening has so far been constrained by few and low‐resolution indirect time constraints. Aiming at better elucidating the ESA spatiotemporal evolution, we gathered new structural and geochronological data from two regional thrust systems: the innermost south verging Valsugana Thrust (VT) and the more external Belluno Thrust System (BTS). Field work allowed us to constrain the geometry and kinematics of those thrusts and related folds and informed our sampling strategy to carry out fault gouge K‐Ar and tectonic carbonate U‐Pb dating from representative samples structurally associated with the VT and BTS. Our results suggest that the VT was active already in the Late Cretaceous (between ∼78 and 76 Ma) in response to far‐field stresses, with repeated reactivation continuing to the Late Miocene (∼6 Ma). The BTS recorded two distinct deformation events during the Oligocene (∼30 Ma) and at the Oligocene‐Miocene boundary (∼23 Ma). The VT was active for ∼72 Myr and partly acted during out‐of‐sequence thrusting. Based on regional correlations, we propose that the ESA share a similar spatiotemporal deformation history with the central Southern Alps farther to the west. We suggest a conceptual regional tectonic model wherein multiple, broadly coeval deformation events occurred in the entire Southern Alps during their long‐lived orogenic deformation in response to generally continuous NW‐SE shortening.
Natural fractures are pervasive in southern Sichuan Basin marine shales, China, and provide a desired opportunity to understand subsurface fracture network in shale reservoirs. Based on cores and electrical imaging logs from vertical and horizontal petroleum wells in southern Sichuan Basin, four types of natural fractures are identified in terms of orientation, size, filling properties, and spatial distribution. The uncemented bed-parallel shear fracture is developed at or in the vicinity of the mechanical interfaces and inclined to present in shale layers with dip angles greater than 12°. The cemented bed-parallel fracture is characterized with crack-seal texture marked by multiple bands of fibrous cement, and its intensity decreases upwards and shows a positive relation with the TOC values. The uncemented bed-oblique fracture is barely developed, and bears limited open space. The cemented bed-oblique/perpendicular fracture is the most developed fracture type and distributed on a regional scale with a pattern of two systematic sets. The results imply that these shale fractures could be formed sequentially by local and regional tectonic deformation, and by abnormally high-pressure. Most natural fractures cannot contribute to reservoir storage or efficiently enhance its permeability yet can act as planes of weakness and be potentially reactivated during hydraulic fracture treatments.
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