TZ4Fabric: Executing Smart Contracts with ARM TrustZone

Müller, Christina; Brandenburger, Marcus; Cachin, Christian; Felber, Pascal; Göttel, Christian; Schiavoni, Valerio

doi:10.48550/arxiv.2008.11601

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This section gives a high-level description and offers a running example to illustrate how a typical confidential smart contract operates. From existing literature [42], [43], [41], [44], [45], [46], establishing a confidential smart contract mainly requires four steps, namely invocation, computation, consensus and response (see Fig. 1).…”

Section: A Lightning Tourmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The confidential execution is an essential property. In layer-two systems, such as [46], [68], [69], the contract computations run inside Intel SGX enclaves, while TZ4Fabric [44] moves contract executions into ARM Trusted Zone. Since the contract state-transition process happens inside TEEs, any intermediate states remain invisible to the outside.…”

Section: A Property Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hybridchain [41] optimizes the storage by maintaining transaction records outside Intel SGX. Meanwhile, TZ4Fabric [44] minimizes TCB by avoiding all the executions inside TEEs. However, these approaches increase the implementation complexity.…”

Section: B System Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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SoK: TEE-assisted Confidential Smart Contract

Li¹,

Wang²,

Wang³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The blockchain-based smart contract lacks privacy since the contract state and instruction code are exposed to the public. Combining smart-contract execution with Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) provides an efficient solution, called TEE-assisted smart contracts, for protecting the confidentiality of contract states. However, the combination approaches are varied, and a systematic study is absent. Newly released systems may fail to draw upon the experience learned from existing protocols, such as repeating known design mistakes or applying TEE technology in insecure ways. In this paper, we first investigate and categorize the existing systems into two types: the layer-one solution and layer-two solution. Then, we establish an analysis framework to capture their common lights, covering the desired properties (for contract services), threat models, and security considerations (for underlying systems). Based on our taxonomy, we identify their ideal functionalities, and uncover the fundamental flaws and reason for the challenges in each specification's design. We believe that this work would provide a guide for the development of TEE-assisted smart contracts, as well as a framework to evaluate future TEE-assisted confidential contract systems.

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Section: A Lightning Tourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Property Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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SoK: TEE-assisted Confidential Smart Contract

Li¹,

Wang²,

Wang³

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The confidential execution is an essential property. In layer-two systems, such as [64][65][66], the contract computations run inside Intel SGX enclaves, while TZ4Fabric [67] moves contract executions into ARM Trusted Zone. Since the contract state-transition process happens inside TEEs, any intermediate states remain invisible to the outside.…”

Section: Property Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hybridchain [41] optimizes the storage by maintaining transaction records outside Intel SGX. Meanwhile, TZ4Fabric [67] minimizes TCB by avoiding all the executions inside TEEs. However, these approaches increase the implementation complexity.…”

Section: System Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

SoK: TEE-Assisted Confidential Smart Contract

Wang

et al. 2022

PoPETs

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The blockchain-based smart contract lacks privacy, since the contract state and instruction code are exposed to the public. Combining smart-contract execution with Trusted Execution Environments provides an efficient solution, called TEE-assisted smart contracts (TCSC), for protecting the confidentiality of contract states. However, the combination approaches are varied, and a systematic study is absent. Newly released systems may fail to draw upon the experience learned from existing protocols, such as repeating known design mistakes or applying TEE technology in insecure ways. In this paper, we first investigate and categorize existing systems into two types: the layer-one solution and the layer-two solution. Then, we establish an analysis framework to capture their common aspects, covering desired properties (for contract services), threat models, and security considerations (for underlying systems). Based on our taxonomy, we identify their ideal functionalities, and uncover fundamental flaws and challenges in each specification’s design. We believe that this work would provide a guide for the development of TEE-assisted smart contracts, as well as a framework to evaluate future TCSC systems.

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Trusting Computing as a Service for Blockchain Applications

Meng

Yeh

et al. 2023

IEEE Internet Things J.

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TZ4Fabric: Executing Smart Contracts with ARM TrustZone

Cited by 3 publications

References 22 publications

SoK: TEE-assisted Confidential Smart Contract

SoK: TEE-assisted Confidential Smart Contract

SoK: TEE-Assisted Confidential Smart Contract

Trusting Computing as a Service for Blockchain Applications

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