“…Although observation of fish cage deformation based on sensor data can be reliable and real-time updating can be achieved via wireless transmission, acoustic transmitters can only provide position data where they locate, and pressure tags only provide depth information. Compared with the real measurement, numerical simulations can predict cage shapes in detail, but the accuracy of simulation results is strongly dependent on the selection of hydrodynamic parameters and validity ranges of numerical models Gansel et al (2018); Cheng et al (2020); Moe-Føre et al (2015). Besides, fish cages at farm sites experience complex interactions with environmental and biological factors, such as dramatic flow field changes in fish cages at high flow speed Gansel et al (2012Gansel et al ( , 2014, different physical properties between wet and dry cage net Moe et al (2010), and biological influences such as biofouling accumulation Gansel et al (2017); Fitridge et al (2012) and the fish inside the cage He et al (2018).…”