Typhoid fever in children

Rao, P. Tirumala; Rao, K. V. Kameswara

doi:10.1007/bf02989303

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 6 publications

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“…The data corroborate well with the result of earlier phenological studies from the Indian subcontinent indicating October-February as a period of active growth for macroalgal species. 46,47 The spectral variations among the samples collected during different periods were also observed in overlapped HSQC spectra (ESI, Fig. S5 3 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Central metabolic processes of marine macrophytic algae revealed from NMR based metabolome analysis

Gupta¹,

Thakur

Reddy³

et al. 2013

RSC Adv.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Central metabolic processes of marine macrophytic algae revealed from NMR based metabolome analysis

Gupta¹,

Thakur

Reddy³

et al. 2013

RSC Adv.

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Safety and Immunogenicity of Vi Conjugate Vaccines for Typhoid Fever in Adults, Teenagers, and 2- to 4-Year-Old Children in Vietnam

et al. 1999

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The capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi, Vi, is an essential virulence factor and a protective vaccine for people older than 5 years. The safety and immunogenicity of two investigational Vi conjugate vaccines were evaluated in adults, 5- to 14-year-old children, and 2- to 4-year-old children in Vietnam. The conjugates were prepared with Pseudomonas aeruginosa recombinant exoprotein A (rEPA) as the carrier, using eitherN-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)-propionate (SPDP; Vi-rEPA1) or adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH; Vi-rEPA2) as linkers. None of the recipients experienced a temperature of >38.5°C or significant local reactions. One injection of Vi-rEPA2 into adults elicited a geometric mean (GM) increase in anti-Vi immunoglobulin G (IgG) from 9.62 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay units/ml (EU) to 465 EU at 6 weeks; this level fell to 119 EU after 26 weeks. In the 5- to 14-year-old children, anti-Vi IgG levels at 6 weeks elicited by Vi-rEPA2, Vi-rEPA1, and Vi were 169, 22.8, and 18.9 EU, respectively (P = 0.0001 for Vi-rEPA1 and Vi with respect to Vi-rEPA2). At 26 weeks, the anti-Vi IgG levels for recipients of Vi-rEPA2, Vi-rEPA1, and Vi were 30.0, 10.8, and 13.4 EU, respectively (P < 0.001 for Vi-rEPA1 and Vi with respect to Vi-rEPA2); all were higher than the preinjection levels (P = 0.0001). Vi-rEPA2 also elicited the highest anti-Vi IgM and IgA levels of the three vaccines. In the 2- to 4-year-old children at 6 weeks following the first injection, Vi-rEPA2 elicited an anti-Vi IgG level of 69.9 EU compared to 28.9 EU for Vi-rEPA1(P = 0.0001). Reinjection increased Vi antibody levels from 69.9 to 95.4 EU for Vi-rEPA2 and from 28.9 to 83.0 EU for Vi-rEPA1. At 26 weeks, anti-Vi IgG levels remained higher than those at preinjection (30.6 versus 0.18 for Vi-rEPA2 and 12.8 versus 0.33 for Vi-rEPA1; P = 0.0001 for both). Vi vaccine is recommended for individuals of 5 years of age or older. In the present study, the GM level of anti-Vi IgG elicited by two injections of Vi-rEPA2 in the 2- to 4-year-old children was higher than that elicited by Vi in the 5- to 14-year-old children (30.6 versus 13.4; P = 0.0001). The safety and immunogenicity of the Vi-rEPA2conjugate warrant further investigation.

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Typhoid fever in children

Cited by 2 publications

References 6 publications

Central metabolic processes of marine macrophytic algae revealed from NMR based metabolome analysis

Central metabolic processes of marine macrophytic algae revealed from NMR based metabolome analysis

Safety and Immunogenicity of Vi Conjugate Vaccines for Typhoid Fever in Adults, Teenagers, and 2- to 4-Year-Old Children in Vietnam

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