Typhoid Fever due to Extended Spectrum <i>β</i>-Lactamase-Producing <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serovar Typhi: A Case Report and Literature Review

Riyaaz, Abdul Azeez Ahamed; Perera, V. Y.; Sivakumaran, Sabaratnam; Silva, Nelun de

doi:10.1155/2018/4610246

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The appearance of multidrug-resistant strains introduced the use of quinolones ( Parry et al, 2013 ; Karkey et al, 2018 ), albeit the appearance of quinolone-resistance variants led to increased use of azithromycin and third-generation cephalosporins ( Pandit et al, 2007 ; Karkey et al, 2018 ). Unfortunately, S. Typhi strains that produce extended-spectrum β-lactamase have been increasingly reported ( Ahamed Riyaaz et al, 2018 ; Karkey et al, 2018 ). This scenario underlines the importance of studying antibiotic resistance in S. Typhi.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“One for All”: Functional Transfer of OMV-Mediated Polymyxin B Resistance From Salmonella enterica sv. Typhi ΔtolR and ΔdegS to Susceptible Bacteria

et al. 2021

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The appearance of multi-resistant strains has contributed to reintroducing polymyxin as the last-line therapy. Although polymyxin resistance is based on bacterial envelope changes, other resistance mechanisms are being reported. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanosized proteoliposomes secreted from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. In some bacteria, OMVs have shown to provide resistance to diverse antimicrobial agents either by sequestering and/or expelling the harmful agent from the bacterial envelope. Nevertheless, the participation of OMVs in polymyxin resistance has not yet been explored in S. Typhi, and neither OMVs derived from hypervesiculating mutants. In this work, we explored whether OMVs produced by the hypervesiculating strains Salmonella Typhi ΔrfaE (LPS synthesis), ΔtolR (bacterial envelope) and ΔdegS (misfolded proteins and σE activation) exhibit protective properties against polymyxin B. We found that the OMVs extracted from S. Typhi ΔtolR and ΔdegS protect S. Typhi WT from polymyxin B in a concentration-depending manner. By contrast, the protective effect exerted by OMVs from S. Typhi WT and S. Typhi ΔrfaE is much lower. This effect is achieved by the sequestration of polymyxin B, as assessed by the more positive Zeta potential of OMVs with polymyxin B and the diminished antibiotic’s availability when coincubated with OMVs. We also found that S. Typhi ΔtolR exhibited an increased MIC of polymyxin B. Finally, we determined that S. Typhi ΔtolR and S. Typhi ΔdegS, at a lesser level, can functionally and transiently transfer the OMV-mediated polymyxin B resistance to susceptible bacteria in cocultures. This work shows that mutants in genes related to OMVs biogenesis can release vesicles with improved abilities to protect bacteria against membrane-active agents. Since mutations affecting OMV biogenesis can involve the bacterial envelope, mutants with increased resistance to membrane-acting agents that, in turn, produce protective OMVs with a high vesiculation rate (e.g., S. Typhi ΔtolR) can arise. Such mutants can functionally transfer the resistance to surrounding bacteria via OMVs, diminishing the effective concentration of the antimicrobial agent and potentially favoring the selection of spontaneous resistant strains in the environment. This phenomenon might be considered the source for the emergence of polymyxin resistance in an entire bacterial community.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“One for All”: Functional Transfer of OMV-Mediated Polymyxin B Resistance From Salmonella enterica sv. Typhi ΔtolR and ΔdegS to Susceptible Bacteria

et al. 2021

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“…As a result, other antibiotics such as azithromycin and third-generation cephalosporins were used as the first-line therapy for treatment. 30 Increased cases of quinolone and cephalosporin resistant Salmonella serovars especially S . typhimurium in hospitals and communities are of great global concern in the management of Salmonella infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Silico Modeling and Docking Analysis of CTX-M-5, Cefotaxime-Hydrolyzing β-Lactamase from Human-Associated Salmonella Typhimurium

Jasmine

Gorityala

et al. 2022

Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics

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Background: CTX-M-type enzymes represent a novel and rapidly evolving group of extended-spectrum β-lactamases, which confer resistance to advance generation cephalosporins. Despite the interaction of CTX-M-5 with drugs and inhibitors, its structure is not reported till date. The present study aimed to computationally model the CTX-M-5 β-lactamase and establish its structure, which is exclusively present in human-associated Salmonella. Methods: The CTX-M-5 aminoacid sequence (Uniprot ID:O65975) of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium was retrieved from UniProt database and subjected to homology modeling using MODELLER 9v7. The homology models were duly validated using RAMPAGE tool by generating Ramachandran plots, ERRAT graphs, and ProSA score. DoGSiteScorer server and ConSurf server were used to detect the cavities, pockets, and clefts to identify conserved amino acid sites in the predicted model. Subsequently, the modeled structure was docked using CLC Drug Discovery Workbench against proven drugs and known inhibitors. Results: Obtained high-quality homology model with 91.7% of the residues in favorable regions in Ramachandran plot and qualified in other quality parameters. Docking studies resulted in a higher dock score for PNK (D-benzylpenicilloic acid) molecule when compared to other reported inhibitors. Conclusion: This in silico study suggests that the compound PNK could be an efficient ligand for CTX-M-5 β-lactamase and serve as a potent inhibitor of CTX-M-5.

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“…The MIC and MBC of G. hirsutum extract are reported in table (1). The MIC of the extract against both isolates is 580 mg/ml while the MBC is 600 mg/ml.…”

Section: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Co...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhi is the causative agent of typhoid fever, an enteric fever [1]. The abrupt onset of a persistent, systemic temperature and excruciating headaches, nausea, and appetite loss are symptoms of this illness [1]. Other signs and symptoms include diarrhea or constipation, spleen enlargement, the potential for meningitis, and general malaise [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anti-Salmonella activity of Gossypium hirsutum leaf extracted with carbonated drink and its toxicological evaluation in-vivo

Emoruwa

OKEWALE²,

Elabiyi³

et al. 2023

Microbes and Infectious Diseases

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Background: Although antibiotics are used to treat typhoid fever, there is a need to look for alternative treatment methods because Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) has become aggressively resistant to standard antibiotic treatments. Methods: This experimental study used the carbonated beverage "7UP" as the extraction solvent to examine the anti-Salmonella activity of Gossypium hirsutum leaf extract on Salmonella typhi. Extraction of bioactive components of the plant leaf, in-vitro and in-vivo anti-Salmonella activity of the extract was carried out using essential microbiological tools. Results: In vitro, anti-Salmonella typhi study showed that ciprofloxacin had the highest zone of inhibition 36.71+0.31 and 36.14+0.10mm against typed (ATCC 14028) and clinical isolates, respectively, while the zones of inhibition of the extract at different concentrations against Salmonella typhi were zero, however, the diameter of zone of inhibition (ZOI) of section at 800 mg/ml was 1.42+0.33 and 1.21+0.01mm against clinical and typed isolates respectively. At larger (3500 mg/ml/kg) and lower (10 mg/ml/kg) doses, there was no death in experimental rats during the acute toxicity assessment. After three days of therapy, the extract reduced salmonella fecal shedding from 71.14±0.31 to 6.02±0.17 × 10 3 Cfu/g and guaranteed 100% survival against experimental salmonellosis. Different functional groups in the extract, including alkene, anhydride, alcohol, sulfate, nitro compounds, alkanes, and a carboxylic acid, were observed. Conclusions: The use of '7UP' as an extraction solvent for medicinal plants in our community for treating diverse medical ailments, especially infectious diseases, is justified. However, it could pose a toxicological effect.

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Typhoid Fever due to Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi: A Case Report and Literature Review

Cited by 18 publications

References 19 publications

“One for All”: Functional Transfer of OMV-Mediated Polymyxin B Resistance From Salmonella enterica sv. Typhi ΔtolR and ΔdegS to Susceptible Bacteria

“One for All”: Functional Transfer of OMV-Mediated Polymyxin B Resistance From Salmonella enterica sv. Typhi ΔtolR and ΔdegS to Susceptible Bacteria

In Silico Modeling and Docking Analysis of CTX-M-5, Cefotaxime-Hydrolyzing β-Lactamase from Human-Associated Salmonella Typhimurium

Anti-Salmonella activity of Gossypium hirsutum leaf extracted with carbonated drink and its toxicological evaluation in-vivo

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