Typhoid Fever Diagnosis in Endemic Countries: A Clog in the Wheel of Progress?

Ajibola, Olumide; Mshelia, Mari B.; Eze, Anthonius A.

doi:10.3390/medicina54020023

Cited by 34 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…It is a rapid, easy to perform, more reliable test for typhoid fever as compared to Widal. However, culture isolation of Salmonella remains essential, especially for antibiotic susceptibility testing and these serological tests should be used in conjunction with culture for the early diagnosis of enteric fever [14] [19].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Study of the Typhidot (Dot-EIA) versus Widal Test in Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever among Egyptian Patients

Salama¹,

Said²

2019

OJGas

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Background and Study Aim: Typhoid (Enteric) fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi. It is endemic in the developing countries including Egypt. Different diagnostic tools can achieve diagnosis and include cultures from the blood, stool, bone marrow, rarely urine for isolation of the organism. Antibody detection by Widal test and relatively recent typhoid are also used. The current study aimed at comparing the most commonly used antibody detection Widal test with the rapid antibody detection typhidot for diagnosis of typhoid fever among Egyptian adults. Patients and Methods: The study included 140 patients who are presented with picture suggestive of typhoid fever. Confirmed cases after the blood culture were included in the final analysis. Widal and typhidot tests were performed in all patients and were compared for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy. Results: 45 patients out of 140 were diagnosed as typhoid fever by blood culture. Out of them, Widal test was positive in 39 patients with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of 86.7%, 89.5%, 79.5%, 93.4% and 88.5% respectively. Typhidot test was positive in 42 patients with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of 93.3%, 90.6%, 82.3%, 96.6%, and 91.4% respectively (P = 0.00). Conclusions: Typhidot test is reliable, simple highly sensitive and specific test in diagnosing typhoid fever when compared with Widal test.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Study of the Typhidot (Dot-EIA) versus Widal Test in Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever among Egyptian Patients

Salama¹,

Said²

2019

OJGas

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“…Salmonella typhi infections are restricted only to human hosts and are passed on through contaminated water supplies and bad hygiene practices, such as through fecal con-tamination [20]. The pathogen's acquisition of a host and consequent infection may be averted if certain practical prevention measures may be considered.…”

Section: Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Typhoid: Evolution, Prevention, and Its Management

Akram

Khan

et al. 2020

BioMed Research International

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Typhoid fever is the result of a human host-restricted Salmonella enteric serotype typhi infection that causes enteric fever. Around 21 million people contract typhoid annually, with Pakistan’s inhabitants at most risk amongst Asian countries where typhoid remains prevalent. Decades of indiscriminate antibiotic usage has driven the evolution of multidrug-resistant strains and more recently, extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of Salmonella enteric serotype typhi. Current reports of extensively drug-resistant typhoid fever outbreak in Pakistan are not only a major concern for Pakistan but also for health authorities worldwide: intercontinental transmission, spread, and replacement of native strains in neighboring countries and a major impediment to Pakistani health care management. The WHO records that there are 5274 cases of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid fever out of a total of 8188 total cases of typhoid fever reported in Pakistan. The last remaining feasible oral antibiotic that XDR typhoid remains susceptible to is azithromycin; this is a cause of major concern. Additionally, several cases of XDR typhoid fever have also been reported in patients travelling from Pakistan to the USA, UK, and Canada. This review article attempts to raise the issue of XDR typhoid with respect to its epidemiology, prevention, management, and future outlook and stresses a better understanding of antimicrobial stewardship and general surveillance of the disease. Although progress is being made to combat XDR typhoid locally, efficient, unified efforts on a national and international scale are required to contain the XDR outbreak before it is no longer manageable and leads us back to the preantibiotic era.

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“…Ayrıca endemik bölgelerde normal popülasyonda da düşük titrede antikor pozitifliği olması, pozitif sonuçlar için uygun cut-off noktasının belirlenmesini zorlaştırmaktadır. Enterik ateş tanısını koymak amacıyla widal test sonuçlarının doğru bir şekilde yorumlanması, her ülkenin uygun titreyi belirlemesini gerektirir [11]. Olgumuzun bakılan Widal testi negatif olarak sonuçlanmıştı.…”

Section: Olguunclassified

A case of typhoid fever with deep vein thrombosis

Baran¹,

Arslan²,

Çelık³

et al. 2020

Ortadogu Tıp Derg

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Tifo, Salmonella typhi'nin neden olduğu sistemik bir hastalıktır. Yiyecek ve su kaynaklı oluşan bir hastalık olup gelişmekte olan ülkelerde önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunudur. Ateş, grip benzeri semptomlar, baş ağrısı, öksürük, kırgınlık, bulantı ve miyalji en sık görülen semptomlardır. Venöz tromboz sıklıkla hastalığın dördüncü haftasında ortaya çıkmaktadır ve antibiyotik döneminden önce yaygın bir komplikasyondu. Bu yazıda yüksek ateş, baş ağrısı, halsizlik, ishal şikayetleriyle başvuran, tetkikler sonucunda derin ven trombozu saptanan, kan kültüründe Salmonella typhi üreyen ve seftriakson tedavisiyle kür sağlanan bir olgu sunuldu.

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Typhoid Fever Diagnosis in Endemic Countries: A Clog in the Wheel of Progress?

Cited by 34 publications

References 73 publications

A Comparative Study of the Typhidot (Dot-EIA) versus Widal Test in Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever among Egyptian Patients

A Comparative Study of the Typhidot (Dot-EIA) versus Widal Test in Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever among Egyptian Patients

Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Typhoid: Evolution, Prevention, and Its Management

A case of typhoid fever with deep vein thrombosis

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