Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever: Systematic review to estimate global morbidity and mortality for 2010

Background: Enteric fever is a major public health problem in Nepal. Trends of drug resistance help in choosing optimal empiric therapy. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine antibiotic resistance pattern of Salmonella enterica serotype typhi and Salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi isolated from blood cultures. Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted using hospital records at KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Nepal. Isolates from blood cultures between January 2011 and December 2013 were included in this study. Susceptibility to various antimicrobials was determined using modifi ed Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. A chi-square for trend analysis was done to evaluate change in susceptibility over three years. Results: Out of 216 isolates, 68.05% were Salmonella typhi and 31.48% were Salmonella paratyphi A. In Salmonella typhi, there was signifi cant increase in cefotaxime resistance(X 2 = 4.951, p < 0.05) and ciprofl oxacin resistance (X 2 = 17.506, p < 0.001) whereas there was signifi cant decrease in ampicillin resistance (X 2 = 4.830, p < 0.05). No resistance was seen against ceftriaxone in Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A. Resistance to chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole was low as well, in both isolates. None of the isolates tested were multidrug resistant. Conclusion: There is emergence of resistance to cefotaxime whereas resistance to ciprofl oxacin has made its use as empiric therapy questionable. Full susceptibility of ceftriaxone makes it an excellent antibiotic for empiric therapy. Decrease in resistance to chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole and ampicillin may again make these agents useful.

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“…Global estimate showed a total of 26.9 million episodes of typhoid fever in 2010, which is comparable to the global estimate in 2000 1,2 .…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Antimicrobial resistance trend of Salmonella typhi and paratyphi from 2011-2013: A descriptive study from tertiary care hospital of Nepal

Adhikari

Sapkota

Bhattarai

et al. 2017

J. Kathmandu Med. Coll.

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“…Recent global estimates for enteric fever report .27 million annual cases and 200,000 deaths (1,2). The prevalence of Salmonella-related illness is particularly high in developing countries; however, because the number of travelers crossing international borders exceeds one billion people per year (3), the incidence of S. Typhi infection causing typhoid fever continues to increase in developed countries.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

IFN-γ–Producing CD4+ T Cells Promote Generation of Protective Germinal Center–Derived IgM+ B Cell Memory against Salmonella Typhi

Pérez-Shibayama

Gil‐Cruz

Pastelin-Palacios

et al. 2014

The Journal of Immunology

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Abs play a significant role in protection against the intracellular bacterium Salmonella Typhi. In this article, we investigated how long-term protective IgM responses can be elicited by a S. Typhi outer-membrane protein C– and F–based subunit vaccine (porins). We found that repeated Ag exposure promoted a CD4+ T cell–dependent germinal center reaction that generated mutated IgM-producing B cells and was accompanied by a strong expansion of IFN-γ–secreting T follicular helper cells. Genetic ablation of individual cytokine receptors revealed that both IFN-γ and IL-17 are required for optimal germinal center reactions and production of porin-specific memory IgM+ B cells. However, more profound reduction of porin-specific IgM B cell responses in the absence of IFN-γR signaling indicated that this cytokine plays a dominant role. Importantly, mutated IgM mAbs against porins exhibited bactericidal capacity and efficiently augmented S. Typhi clearance. In conclusion, repeated vaccination with S. Typhi porins programs type I T follicular helper cell responses that contribute to the diversification of B cell memory and promote the generation of protective IgM Abs.

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“…In 2010, typhoid fever incidence rates ranged from inferior 0.1 cases per 100,000 population in Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia, to 724.6 cases per 100,000 population in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the same year, paratyphoid incidence rates ranged from 0.8 cases per 100,000 population in North Africa/Middle East to 77.4 cases per 100,000 population in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia (Buckle et al, 2012). In 2010, enteric fever was responsible for an estimated 190,000 deaths and more than 12.2 million disability-adjusted life years.…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Salmonella Typhi Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi and Paratyphi Responsible of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers Transmitted by Environment and Food

Siourimè¹,

Isidore²,

Traoré³

et al. 2017

ijSciences

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This study deals with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi responsible of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers transmitted by environment and foods. Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers are systemic diseases caused by the bacteria Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi, respectively. Humans are the only reservoir for Salmonella Typhi (which is the most serious), whereas Salmonella Paratyphi also has animal reservoirs. Humans can carry the bacteria in the gut for very long times (chronic carriers), and transmit the bacteria to other persons (either directly or via food or water contamination). Although S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi are strictly adapted to humans, both serovars can remain viable in the environment, surviving in water and underlying sediment for days to weeks. Foods are susceptible to be contaminated and transport Salmonella include vegetable products such as lettuce. In developping countries, typhoid and paratyphoide fever were generally treat with using antimicrobial such as quinolones, and cephalosporin. Patients were not responding to the most available antibiotics of choice. Some patients, because of ignorance and lack of financial means, prefer street drugs, so they practice self-medication. Those practices can enhance the antibiotics resistances genes. As the ultimate solution for the prevention and eradication of paratyphoid fever, it is essential to improve sanitation such as the provision of safe water and food as well as enhanced public health awareness.

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Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever: Systematic review to estimate global morbidity and mortality for 2010

Cited by 437 publications

References 31 publications

Antimicrobial resistance trend of Salmonella typhi and paratyphi from 2011-2013: A descriptive study from tertiary care hospital of Nepal

Antimicrobial resistance trend of Salmonella typhi and paratyphi from 2011-2013: A descriptive study from tertiary care hospital of Nepal

IFN-γ–Producing CD4+ T Cells Promote Generation of Protective Germinal Center–Derived IgM+ B Cell Memory against Salmonella Typhi

Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi and Paratyphi Responsible of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers Transmitted by Environment and Food

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