Types of acute phase reactants and their importance in vaccination (Review)

Abstract

Vaccines are considered to be one of the most cost-effective life-saving interventions in human history. The body's inflammatory response to vaccines has both desired effects (immune response), undesired effects [(acute phase reactions (APRs)] and trade-offs. Trade-offs are more potent immune responses which may be potentially difficult to separate from potent acute phase reactions. Thus, studying acute phase proteins (APPs) during vaccination may aid our understanding of APRs and homeostatic changes which can result from inflammatory responses. Depending on the severity of the response in humans, these reactions can be classified as major, moderate or minor. In this review, types of APPs and their importance in vaccination will be discussed.

C-Reactive Protein as a Prognostic Indicator in COVID-19 Patients

“…In response to infections, the liver synthesizes significant quantities of acute-phase proteins (APPs), such as CRP [ 7 , 8 ]. This acute inflammatory protein is a highly sensitive biomarker for inflammation, tissue damage, and infection [ 9 ].…”

Hepatic acute-phase response, antioxidant biomarkers and DNA fragmentation of two rabbit breeds subjected to acute heat stress

“…APPs were presented as appropriate non-specific markers and biological effects reactants to assess and monitor animal health and its relatively long time before cleaning from circulation compared to cytokines (Gruys et al 2005). Animals subjected to environmental disturbance events caused unbalanced homeostasis to exert acute phase response, which is a spontaneous reaction mediated by APPs synthesis from hepatocytes (Khalil and Al-Humadi 2020). A significant increase in Cp and AGP was observed in HS groups ( Table 1).…”

A brief, highly selective history of acute phase proteins as indicators of infection, inflammation and injury

“…A recent review describes a number of acute phase proteins and their importance in vaccination (Rafaat et al, 2020 ). These authors discuss in some detail the known and likely function of these proteins, a number of which are associated with response to vaccination.…”