Types and Settings of Hypogene Karst

Klimchouk, Alexander

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53348-3_1

Cited by 42 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…The Dead Sea Transform and associated rifting juxtaposed the site of 'A'rak Na'asane along the developing Dead Sea -Jordan Depression. This newly formed depression attracted further deep flow as common in rifting zones (Klimchouk, 2017).…”

Section: Speleological Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Old and recent processes in a warm and humid desert hypogene cave: ‘A’rak Na‘asane, Israel

Frumkin¹,

Aharon²,

Davidovich³

et al. 2018

IJS

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Recent environmental processes are studied in ʻA'rak Naʻasane Cave at the northern Judean Desert, Israel. The outer zone of the cave is heavily influenced by the outside environment through a large entrance, facilitating entry of air flow, fauna and humans, with minor caveforming modifications. Conversely, the inner cave sustains humid and warm conditions, favoring modifications by condensation corrosion of convective air flow, associated with deposition of popcorn speleothems at the lower parts of dissolution pockets. The warm humid air of the inner cave may be associated with an underlying thermal water table. Active condensation corrosion is decreasing, possibly because of gradual change in the cave microclimate, associated with falling water table and ventilation. Increasing connection with the surface is indicated by high collapse domes, rare flood invasion, and a large Trident Leaf-nosed bat community which spends the winter within the innermost parts of the cave. Bat guano supports bedrock corrosion and a rich invertebrate fauna, but humans preferred the outer parts of the cave, particularly for refuge during the second Jewish revolt against the Romans. Rare occasions of ancient human entry into the inner cave support this scenario by the small number of artifacts compared with the outer cave. Enigmatic small cairns in the largest inner hall were probably erected during the Intermediate Bronze Age. confined cave, cave microclimate, condensation corrosion, bat guano, popcorn speleothem

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Section: Speleological Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…During recent years, speleogenesis of hypogene caves underwent increasing research (Chavez & Reehling, 2016;Klimchouk et al, 2017, and references therein). However, post-speleogenesis processes peculiar to these caves have attracted less studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Old and recent processes in a warm and humid desert hypogene cave: ‘A’rak Na‘asane, Israel

Frumkin¹,

Aharon²,

Davidovich³

et al. 2018

IJS

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“…Quaternary travertine mounds along faults near Ejulve cave (Sierra 2016) and modern warm springs (Sánchez et al 2004) support the model of warm, upwelling waters forming caves in this region. To sum up, cave formation likely occurred in a low-temperature hydrothermal setting (Klimchouk 2017) simultaneous with the development of the Main Erosive Surface of the Iberian Range probably during Mio-Pliocene times (Peña et al 1984;Gutiérrez and Peña 1994).…”

Section: Geomorphic Evolution Of Ejulve Cavementioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the speleogenesis of Ejulve cave (Iberian Range, NE Spain): quaternary hydrothermal karstification?

et al. 2019

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We provide first insights into the speleogenesis of Ejulve cave (Teruel province, Iberian Range, NE Spain) by studying cave morphologies and cave deposits, combined with regional geomorphological and hydrothermal observations. Three main hydrogeomorphic evolutionary stages can be distinguised to explain the origin and evolution of the Ejulve endokarstic system. Cave pattern and cave solutional features (calcite vein fillings, tubes with rising ceiling cupolas, pendants and cusps, spongework and micro-corrosion features) suggest that the cave generated in a phreatic environment by ascending water. Cave morphologies and regional hydrothermal springs in this region suggest, but not prove, the involvement of thermal waters and related convection and condensation-corrosion mechanisms in the origin of the cave. Subsequently, the cave underwent a change to epigenic conditions driven by denudation, as a result of regional uplift. Once the karstic system was exhumated, carbonate speleothems formed in a vadose environment. Mineralogical, petrographic, isotopic and chronological (U-series dating) analyses of carbonate speleothems (i.e. stalagmites, flowstones, botryoids, spars, acicular crystals and farmed carbonate) are provided. Calcite, high-Mg calcite and aragonite are the most common minerals, whereas columnar, dendritic, micrite, mosaics and fans are the main fabrics. Mean δ 18 O values of − 7.3‰ and δ 13 C values of − 9.1‰ indicate carbonate precipitation from meteoric waters without a hydrothermal origin. Carbonate deposits formed at least since 650 ka BP. Our study suggests that hydrothermal fluid flow may explain, although the evidences are not fully conclusive, the speleogenesis of this cave. Keywords Speleogenesis • Cave morphologies • Carbonate speleothems • Meteoric regime • Iberian range Resumen Se aportan las primeras evidencias sobre la espeleogénesis de Ejulve (Teruel, Cordillera Ibérica, NE España) a través del estudio de morfologías y depósitos, junto a geomorfología regional y observaciones hidrotermales. Así, se pueden establecer tres etapas en la evolución hidro-geomórfica para explicar el origen y evolución del sistema endokárstico de Ejulve. El patrón de la cueva y las morfologías (venas de calcita, tubos con cúpulas ascendentes, pendants y cusps, spongework y rasgos de microcorrosión) sugieren que la cueva se ha generado en ambiente freático debido a aguas ascendentes. Las morfologías de la cueva y el hidrotermalismo regional en la región sugieren, aunque no prueban, la implicación de aguas termales y mecanismos de convección y condensación-corrosión en el origen de la cueva. Posteriormente, la cueva experimentó un Deceased: Carlos Sancho.

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“…Klimchouk (2007) proposed that the interaction of soluble rocks and ascending waters (often thermal and rich in CO 2 and/or H 2 S) allow for strong hypogenic dissolution karst processes. descending in the latter and ascending in the first case (Klimchouk, 2007(Klimchouk, , 2009(Klimchouk, , 2017. descending in the latter and ascending in the first case (Klimchouk, 2007(Klimchouk, , 2009(Klimchouk, , 2017.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Hypogene karst processes differ from the so-called epigenic ones by the direction of the water flow, i.e. descending in the latter and ascending in the first case (Klimchouk, 2007(Klimchouk, , 2009(Klimchouk, , 2017. Moreover, the origin of acidity in the environment can be soil-related in the epigenic karst processes, or generated at depth in the hypogene karst processes (Palmer, 2011;Tisato et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep seated fault‐related volcanogenic H₂S as the key agent of high sinkhole concentration areas

Santo

Santangelo

Balassone

et al. 2018

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Karst collapse sinkholes (KCS) are a peculiar karst morphology resulting from the collapse of the topographic surface caused by subsurface karstification. In the Southern Apennines these phenomena are not randomly distributed but concentrate in several zones, named High Sinkhole Concentration Areas (HSCA), showing peculiar geological, structural and hydrogeological conditions. Gas vents and mineral springs occur widely in these HSCA, and are often stricty related to the KCS. Starting from four representative areas, the aim of this study is to ascertain if there is a genetic link between peculiar mineralogical vs geochemical features of densely fractured/altered rocky masses in KCS, gas vents/springs occurrences and diffuse hypogenic karstification. By means of a multidisciplinary approach (geological/geomorphological, mineralogical and geochemical) we selected and analysed four different kinds of samples related to KCS, gas vent and spring occurrences: (i) altered to deeply altered limestones sampled in the sinkholes; (ii) unaltered limestones sampled in close proximity to sinkhole areas; (iii) gypsum‐rich crusts/patinae, precipitated near to gas vents; (iv) gypsum‐ and calcite‐rich precipitates occurring at springs or inside caves. Among neoformed non‐carbonate minerals, gypsum is virtually ubiquitous, halides (fluorite, halite, sylvite) also occur in small to trace amounts. The mineralogical assemblages of the different samples show similarities and may also be compatible with hypogenic speleogenesis and with a process of alteration of the carbonate bedrock by means of uprising mineralizing fluids along structural discontinuities. Stable isotopic compositions (S, O) display strong variability in δ34S and δ18O for sulfate in the different areas, but a deep‐seated sulfur source can be hypothesized for many of the studied KCS‐related samples. This study has important implications for the relationships between areas of high concentration of sinkholes, regional fault systems, mechanical characteristics of rocks and the high seismicity typical of these areas of the Southern Apennines. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Types and Settings of Hypogene Karst

Cited by 42 publications

References 111 publications

Old and recent processes in a warm and humid desert hypogene cave: ‘A’rak Na‘asane, Israel

Old and recent processes in a warm and humid desert hypogene cave: ‘A’rak Na‘asane, Israel

Insights into the speleogenesis of Ejulve cave (Iberian Range, NE Spain): quaternary hydrothermal karstification?

Deep seated fault‐related volcanogenic H₂S as the key agent of high sinkhole concentration areas

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Types and Settings of Hypogene Karst

Cited by 42 publications

References 111 publications

Old and recent processes in a warm and humid desert hypogene cave: ‘A’rak Na‘asane, Israel

Old and recent processes in a warm and humid desert hypogene cave: ‘A’rak Na‘asane, Israel

Insights into the speleogenesis of Ejulve cave (Iberian Range, NE Spain): quaternary hydrothermal karstification?

Deep seated fault‐related volcanogenic H2S as the key agent of high sinkhole concentration areas

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Deep seated fault‐related volcanogenic H₂S as the key agent of high sinkhole concentration areas