Types and Performances of Polymer Gels for Oil-Gas Drilling and Production: A Review

Lei, Shaofei; Sun, Jinsheng; Lv, Kaihe; Zhang, Qitao; Yang, Jingbin

doi:10.3390/gels8060386

Cited by 23 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…The treatment agents used to prepare drilling fluids directly with seawater can be divided into two categories: organic treatment agents and inorganic treatment agents. Inorganic treatment agents are usually sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, etc., used to adjust the pH of the drilling fluid; commonly used organic treatment agents are polyacrylamide (PAM), hydrolyzed sodium polyacrylonitrile (NaPAN), carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC) [ 16 , 17 ], hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), polyanionic cellulose (PAC), xanthan gum biopolymer (XC) [ 18 , 19 , 20 ], sulfomethylated phenolic resin (SMP) and other salt-resistant water-soluble polymers [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gel Stability of Calcium Bentonite Suspension in Brine and Its Application in Water-Based Drilling Fluids

Zhang

Chen

Zhou

et al. 2022

Gels

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With the development of the oil industry and the increasingly complex drilling environment, the performance of drilling fluids has to be constantly improved. In order to solve the problem of bentonite dispersion and hydration in a saline medium, a drilling fluid additive with good performance and acceptable cost was sought. The effects of several water-soluble polymers, such as cellulose polymers, synthetic polymers and natural polymers, on the rheology and gel suspension stability of calcium-based bentonite were compared in this study. Among the examined polymers, the xanthan gum biopolymer (XC) was the least negatively affected in the saline medium used. However, its high price limits its industrial application in oil and gas drilling fluids. In this study, a salt-tolerant polymer, modified plant gum (MVG), was prepared by a cross-linking modification of a natural plant gum, which is abundant and cheap. Then, a salt-tolerant polymer mixture called SNV was prepared, composed of the salt-resistant natural polymer MVG and the biopolymer XC. The salt tolerance and pulping ability of SNV and common water-soluble polymers were evaluated and compared. We then selected the most suitable Herschel–Bulkley model to fit the rheological curve of the SNV–bentonite aqueous suspension system. SNV improved the rheological properties of the calcium-based bentonite slurry and the dispersion stability of bentonite. In an SNV concentration of 0.35%, the apparent viscosity (AV) of the base slurry increased from 2 mPa·s to 32 mPa·s., and the low shear reading value at 3 rpm increased from 0 dia to 5 dia. This could greatly improve the viscosity and cutting carrying capacity of the bentonite drilling fluid. The bentonite drilling fluid prepared with SNV could be directly slurried with brine and even seawater; this means that when drilling in ocean, coastal saline water and high-salinity-surface saline water areas, the slurry preparation cost and preparation time can be conveniently reduced.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gel Stability of Calcium Bentonite Suspension in Brine and Its Application in Water-Based Drilling Fluids

Zhang

Chen

Zhou

et al. 2022

Gels

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“…It is important to note that the toxicity of a polymer gel is not solely determined by the polymer itself, but also by any additives or impurities that may be present. Therefore, it is essential to carefully consider any polymer gel's composition and potential risks before use 123 …”

Section: In Vivo Experiments Of Polymer Gelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancing biomedicine with gel‐based materials and composites: A comprehensive review

Sajjadi,

Gholizadeh‐Hashjin,

Shafizadeh

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Polymer gels are an important class of soft materials with growing interest for biomedical applications due to their distinctive properties. These three‐dimensional polymer networks are capable of imbibing large amounts of solvent while maintaining solid‐like behavior. Polymer gels can be classified into hydrogels, aerogels, and cryogels based on their structural features. Their highly porous structure, swelling capacity, and biocompatibility make them well‐suited for diverse uses in biomedicine. Recent advances have enabled the engineering of polymer gels with tunable architectures and smart functionality responsive to stimuli. These developments have expanded the potential of gels in areas like tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound healing, and biosensing. However, the toxicity of polymer gels remains an important consideration for biomedical use. Careful design and toxicological evaluation is essential to ensure safe clinical application. Overall, polymer gels offer new possibilities in biomedicine through continued research on synthesizing biocompatible gels and elucidating structure–function relationships. This review provides an updated perspective on the progress and promise of tailoring polymer gels to advance biomedicine, while also considering the critical aspect of biocompatibility.

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“…The formed bulk gel has a favorable gel strength, and the gelation time is adjustable by varying the polymer concentration and type of cross-linker. Owing to these advantages, its implementation in Daqing oilfield has been successful. − These gel systems also have notable disadvantages in terms of thermal and salt resistances. At high temperatures and salinities, their performances could be greatly compromised.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of a Salt-Resistant In Situ Cross-Linked Terpolymer Gel for the Daqing Oilfield

et al. 2023

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Pubei Block, which is a subdivision of Daqing Oilfield, presents a challenging environment for conformance control due to its high temperature (average 80 °C) and salinity (13,451 mg/L), making it difficult for the polyacrylamide-based gel to maintain the necessary gel strength. To address this issue, this study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using a terpolymer in situ gel system that provides greater temperature and salinity resistance and pore adaptation. The terpolymer used here consists of acrylamide, acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, and N,N'dimethylacrylamide. We determined that a formula with a hydrolysis degree of 15.15%, a polymer concentration of 600 mg/L, and a polymer−cross-linker ratio of 2.8 yields the greatest gel strength. The hydrodynamic radius of the gel was found to be 0.39 μm, indicating no conflict with the pore and pore-throat sizes determined by the CT scan. In the core-scale evaluation, the gel treatment improved oil recovery by 19.88%, of which 9.23% was through gelant injection and 10.65% through post water injection. A pilot test began in 2019 and has continued for 36 months until now. Within this period, the oil recovery factor increased by 9.82%. The number is likely to keep going up until the water cut (so far 87.4%) reaches the economic limit.

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Types and Performances of Polymer Gels for Oil-Gas Drilling and Production: A Review

Cited by 23 publications

References 83 publications

Gel Stability of Calcium Bentonite Suspension in Brine and Its Application in Water-Based Drilling Fluids

Gel Stability of Calcium Bentonite Suspension in Brine and Its Application in Water-Based Drilling Fluids

Advancing biomedicine with gel‐based materials and composites: A comprehensive review

Application of a Salt-Resistant In Situ Cross-Linked Terpolymer Gel for the Daqing Oilfield

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