Type I error rate of the chi-square test in independence in R???C tables that have small expected frequencies.

Bradley, Drake R.; Bradley, T. D.; McGrath, Steven G.; Cutcomb, Steven D.

doi:10.1037//0033-2909.86.6.1290

Psychological Bulletin

1979

DOI: 10.1037//0033-2909.86.6.1290

|View full text |Cite

Type I error rate of the chi-square test in independence in R???C tables that have small expected frequencies.

Drake R. Bradley¹,

T. D. Bradley²,

Steven G. McGrath³

et al.

Help me understand this report

Search citation statements

Order By: Relevance

Paper Sections

Select...

Citation Types

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Year Published

1980

1994

Publication Types

Select...

Article3

Relationship

Self Cite0

Independent3

Authors

Journals

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

Issues in Biomedical Statistics: Analysing 2 × 2 Tables of Frequencies

Ludbrook

Dudley

1994

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

How best to analyse statistically experimental results that are set out as a 2 X 2 table of frequencies has been debated by statisticians for more than 50 years. The main issue is what framework of statistical inference should be adopted. The design of most biomedical experiments that result in 2 X 2 tables of independent observations is compatible with the randomization model of inference and with the Fisher exact test. It is rare that the Neyman-Pearson population model is applicable and that a case can be made for using the Pearson X 2 test, or others that refer a test statistic to the chi-squared distribution. Even then, the adjustments for the mismatch between the test statistic and the chi-squared distribution so as to control the risk of Type I error are so complex that the Fisher test is probably a safer option (or Yates' correction to the Pearson test if there is no access to a computer). When the 2 X 2 table results from two sets of measurements having been made on the same group, the population model of inference is inapplicable and the exact form of the McNemar test should be used. Confidence intervals for differences in proportions, the likelihood ratio, or the odds ratio, refer to randomly sampled populations and are not compatible with the randomization model of inference.

show abstract

Issues in Biomedical Statistics: Analysing 2 × 2 Tables of Frequencies

Ludbrook

Dudley

1994

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Children's Conceptions of the Causes of Illness: Understanding of Contagion and Use of Immanent Justice

Kister¹,

Patterson²

1980

Child Development

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

15 healthy children at each of 4 grade levels (preschool, kindergarten, second grade, and fourth grade) were interviewed to assess their understanding of contagion and their use of immanent justice explanations for illness and accident. Compared to older children, younger ones were more likely to overextend the concept of contagion to inappropriate ailments (i.e., to noncontagious illness and to accident), and were less likely to understand the effect of distance between people on the likelihood of transmitting contagious ailments. Younger children were far more likely than older ones to invoke immanent justice explanations for events. Children at all ages employed immanent justice explanations with greater frequency for illness than for accident or misfortune. Finally, use of immanent justice was inversely related to understanding of the rational causes of illness. Even after the effects of age had been partialed out, children's use of immanent justice explanations for contagious illness was negatively correlated with their understanding of contagion.

show abstract

Perspective Taking and Referential Communication: The Question of Correspondence Reconsidered

Roberts¹,

Patterson²

1983

Child Development

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.

Contact Info

hi@scite.ai

10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614

Henderson, NV 89052, USA

Blog Terms and Conditions API Terms Privacy Policy Contact Cookie Preferences Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information

Made with 💙 for researchers

Part of the Research Solutions Family.

Type I error rate of the chi-square test in independence in R???C tables that have small expected frequencies.

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Issues in Biomedical Statistics: Analysing 2 × 2 Tables of Frequencies

Issues in Biomedical Statistics: Analysing 2 × 2 Tables of Frequencies

Children's Conceptions of the Causes of Illness: Understanding of Contagion and Use of Immanent Justice

Perspective Taking and Referential Communication: The Question of Correspondence Reconsidered

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About