Type A influenza (H2N2) viruses isolated in Leningrad in 1980

Golubev, D. B.; Karpukhin, G. I.; Galitarov, S. S.; Denisov, G M

doi:10.1017/s0022172400062914

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…They were, however, distinguishable from H2N2 strains of the 1957-68 era by HI tests using sera from infected polecats, the 1980 H2N2 strains being 'older' antigenic mutants than the 1957 strains. They differed from laboratory strains and are therefore genuine H2N2 anachronisms Golubev et al 1985).…”

Section: Anachronistic Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new concept of the epidemic process of influenza A virus

Hope-Simpson

Golubev

1987

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYInfluenza A virus was discovered in 1933, and since then four major variants have caused all the epidemies of human influenza A. Each had an era of solo world prevalence until 1977 as follows: H0N1 (old style) strains until 1946. H1N1 (old style) strains until 1957, H2N2 strains until 1968. then H3N2 strains, which were joined in 1977 by a renewed prevalence of H1N1 (old style) strains.Serological studies show that H2N2 strains probably had had a previous era of world prevalence during the last quarter of the nineteenth century, and had then been replaced by H3N2 strains from about 1900 to 1918. From about 1907 the H3N2 strains had been joined, as now. by H1N1 (old style) strains until both had been replaced in 1918 by a fifth major variant closely related to swine influenza virus A/Hswine1N1 (old style), which had then had an era of solo world prevalence in mankind until about 1929. when it had been replaced by the H0N1 strains that were first isolated in 1933.Eras of prevalence of a major variant have usually been initiated by a severe pandemic followed at intervals of a year or two by successive epidemics in each of which the nature of the virus is usually a little changed (antigenic drift), but not enough to permit frequent recurrent infections during the same era. Changes of major variant (antigenic shift) are large enough to permit reinfection. At both major and minor changes the strains of the previous variant tend to disappear and to be replaced within a single season, worldwide in the case of a major variant, or in the area of prevalence of a previous minor variant.Pandemics, epidemics and antigenic variations all occur seasonally, and influenza and its viruses virtually disappear from the population of any locality between epidemics, an interval of many consecutive months. A global view, however, shows influenza continually present in the world population, progressing each year south and then north, thus crossing the equator twice yearly around the equinoxes, the tropical monsoon periods. Influenza arrives in the temperate latitudes in the colder months, about 6 months separating its arrival in the two hemispheres.None of this behaviour is explained by the current concept that the virus is surviving like measles virus by direct spread from the sick providing endless chains of human influenza A. A number of other aspects of the human host influenza A virus relationship encountered in household outbreaks are among the list of 20 difficulties that are inexplicable by the current concept of direct spread.Alternative concepts have usually been designed to counter particular difficulties and are incompatible with other features of influenzal behaviour in mankind. The new concept detailed in the appendix provides simple explanations for most if not all of the difficulties. It proposes that influenza A virus cannot normally be transmitted during the illness because it too rapidly becomes non-infectious in a mode of persistence or latency in the human host. Many months or a year or two later it is reactivated by a seasonally mediated stimulus which, like all seasonal phenomena, is ultimately dependent on variations in solar radiation caused by the tilt of the plane of earth's rotation in relation to that of its circumsolar orbit. The carriers, who are always widely seeded throughout the world population, become briefly infectious and their non-immune companions, if infected, comprise the whole of the next epidemic. The reactivated virus particles must encounter the immunity they have engendered in the carrier, thus allowing minor mutants an advantage over virions identical with the parent virus, and so favouring antigenic drift and automatic disappearance of predecessor and prompt seasonal replacement. Antigenic shift and recycling of major variants may also be explained by virus latency in the human host.

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Section: Anachronistic Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new concept of the epidemic process of influenza A virus

Hope-Simpson

Golubev

1987

Epidemiol. Infect.

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“…H2N2 viruses continue to circulate in birds, leading to the potential reintroduction of these viruses into susceptible human populations. There was a small, unsustained outbreak of H2N2 in Leningrad in 1980 7 . In 2004–2005, influenza A H2N2 virus (A/Japan/305/57) was inadvertently included in an influenza proficiency testing panel sent to 3748 laboratories in 18 countries 8,9 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There was a small, unsustained outbreak of H2N2 in Leningrad in 1980. 7 In 2004-2005, influenza A H2N2 virus (A ⁄ Japan ⁄ 305 ⁄ 57) was inadvertently included in an influenza proficiency testing panel sent to 3748 laboratories in 18 countries. 8,9 There were no cases of infection reported in persons who handled the proficiency panel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An open‐label phase I trial of a live attenuated H2N2 influenza virus vaccine in healthy adults

Talaat

Karron

Liang

et al. 2012

Influenza Resp Viruses

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Please cite this paper as: Talaat et al. (2012) An open‐label phase I trial of a live attenuated H2N2 influenza virus vaccine in healthy adults. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/j.1750‐2659.2012.00350.x. Background Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) against a variety of strains of pandemic potential are being developed and tested. We describe the results of an open‐label phase I trial of a live attenuated H2N2 virus vaccine. Objectives To evaluate the safety, infectivity, and immunogenicity of a live attenuated H2N2 influenza virus vaccine. Participants/methods The A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (H2N2) virus used in this study is the attenuated, cold‐adapted, temperature‐sensitive strain that provides the genetic backbone of seasonal LAIV (MedImmune). We evaluated the safety, infectivity, and immunogenicity of two doses of 107 TCID50 of this vaccine administered by nasal spray 4 weeks apart to normal healthy seronegative adults. Results Twenty‐one participants received a first dose of the vaccine; 18 participants received a second dose. No serious adverse events occurred during the trial. The most common adverse events after vaccination were headache and musculoskeletal pain. The vaccine was restricted in replication: 24% and 17% had virus detectable by culture or rRT‐PCR after the first and second dose, respectively. Antibody responses to the vaccine were also restricted: 24% of participants developed an antibody response as measured by either hemagglutination‐inhibition assay (10%), or ELISA for H2 HA‐specific serum IgG (24%) or IgA (16%) after either one or two doses. None of the participants had a neutralizing antibody response. Vaccine‐specific IgG‐secreting cells as measured by enzyme‐linked immunospot increased from a mean of 0·5 to 2·0/106 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs); vaccine‐specific IgA‐secreting cells increased from 0·1 to 0·5/106 PBMCs. Conclusions The live attenuated H2N2 1960 AA ca vaccine demonstrated a safety profile consistent with seasonal trivalent LAIV but was restricted in replication and minimally immunogenic in healthy seronegative adults.

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Influenzal Anachronisms

Hope-Simpson¹

1992

The Transmission of Epidemic Influenza

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Type A influenza (H2N2) viruses isolated in Leningrad in 1980

Cited by 5 publications

References 9 publications

A new concept of the epidemic process of influenza A virus

A new concept of the epidemic process of influenza A virus

An open‐label phase I trial of a live attenuated H2N2 influenza virus vaccine in healthy adults

Influenzal Anachronisms

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