Type 2 diabetes, change in depressive symptoms over time, and cerebral small vessel disease – Longitudinal data of the AGES-Reykjavik Study

Abstract

<b></b><b>Objective: </b>Type 2 diabetes has been associated with depression. However, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain unknown. Cerebral small vessel disease, a consequence of diabetes, may lead to depression. Therefore, we evaluated whether cerebral small vessel disease mediates the association between type 2 diabetes and higher depressive symptoms. <p><b>Research Design and Methods: </b>We used longitudinal data from the population-based Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study, with examinations from 2002/2006 and five years later. Type 2 diabetes was defined as<b> </b>self-reported history of type 2 diabetes, use of blood glucose-lowering drugs, or fasting blood glucose level ≥7.0 mmol/L. Cerebral small vessel disease load was quantified in a composite score based on MRI-defined presence of high white matter hyperintensity volume, low total brain parenchyma volume, and subcortical infarcts, cerebral microbleeds and large perivascular spaces. 5-year change in 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale score (GDS-15) was measured between baseline and follow-up.</p> <p><b>Results: </b>2,135 individuals without dementia and baseline depression were included (baseline age 74.5 years [SD 4.6], 1,245 [58.3%] women and 197 [9.2%] with diabetes). The GDS-15 score increased 0.4 points (SD 1.6) over time. Baseline diabetes was associated with greater increase in GDS-15 score (β 0.337, 95%CI 0.094; 0.579), adjusted for age, sex, education and cardiovascular risk factors. Baseline cerebral small vessel disease and change of cerebral small vessel disease statistically significantly mediated a part of this association.</p> <b>Conclusions: </b>Type 2 diabetes is associated with a greater increase in depressive symptoms score over 5 years, and cerebral small vessel disease in part explains this association.<b> </b><b> </b>

Microvascular Contribution to Late-Onset Depression: Mechanisms, Current Evidence, Association With Other Brain Diseases, and Therapeutic Perspectives

“…One cross-sectional study found that individuals with type 2 diabetes and depression had wider retinal arterioles than individuals with type 2 diabetes but without depression (101), consistent with an association between depression and early microvascular changes in diabetes. Also, a large recent population-based study found that J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f individuals with type 2 diabetes had greater increase in depressive symptoms over time, and cerebral small vessel disease partly explained this association (102). Type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome are also associated with accelerated stiffening of large arteries (89), and this may contribute to depression in these individuals (103).…”