Type 2 Diabetes and Causes of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus has been on the rise in recent years. A major cause of death in the United States is myocardial infarction with underlying coronary artery disease. Impairment of tissue insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes is a significant factor for sudden cardiac death. The complex pathophysiology stems from coexisting cardiovascular disease and complications of impaired tissue sensitivity to insulin. Long-term diabetics with underlying kidney disease and those requiring dialysis have systemic inflammation that adds to an increased risk of death. During times of pathological stress, myocardial tissue will express substrates and growth factors that cause conduction disequilibrium and predispose to sudden cardiac death. Diabetes is a modifiable risk factor in the prevention of sudden cardiac arrest. Specific prevention measures aimed towards lifestyle modification and medications are important to prevent diabetes and decrease mortality of future cardiac death. In recent times, drugs that compete with glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron have clinical significance in lowering the risk of sudden cardiac arrest.

Computational Modeling of Sodium Ion Channel-Based Glucose Sensing Biophysics to Study Cardiac Atrial Cell Electrophysiology

“…A set of clinical and experimental studies indicate that abnormal blood glucose concentrations are intricately linked to cardiac electrical properties, contributing significantly to SCD [18][19][20]. About one-third of SCD cases are associated with an interplay between abnormal blood glucose levels and cardiac electrical dysfunctions [21].…”

Genetic Markers of Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

“…Atherosclerosis that affects the coronary arteries can cause coronary artery disease (CAD) [ 6 ]. CAD is a type of cardiovascular disease (CVD) that is often asymptomatic in T2DM patients until the onset of myocardial infarction (MI) or sudden cardiac death [ 7 ].…”

Pharmacological Treatment of Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients With Coronary Artery Disease in the Real World of General Practice

“…Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disease which multiplies the likelihood of developing macrovascular complication, such as coronary artery diseases (CAD) and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) ( Shah et al, 2015 ; Joseph et al, 2020 ; Singh et al, 2021 ; Markousis-Mavrogenis et al, 2022 ), and microvascular complication, mainly nephropathy and retinopathy ( Altavilla et al, 2009 ; Saputro et al, 2021 ; Xiong et al, 2021 ; Markousis-Mavrogenis et al, 2022 ).…”