Two years monitoring of the natural system for wastewater reclamation in Santa Lucía, Gran Canaria Island

Assessment of treatment efficiency of constructed wetlands in East Ukraine

“…Taking into account that all studied CWs had the same construction type, were located in quite similar environmental conditions (temperature, solar radiation and humidity) and were planted with the same macrophyte species (Hijosa-Valsero et al, 2012), it was assumed that differences in RE may be attributed to differences in inflow concentrations (Vymazal 2011;Comino et al, 2013), construction work quality and operational conditions (Saeed and Sun 2012;Vera et al, 2013).…”

“…During the last decade the number of CWs in Ukraine has increased to somewhat 50 operation sites as these are considered an efficient alternative to conventional wastewater treatment systems, cost-effective and environmentally friendly bio-processes for purification of contaminated water (Magmedov et al, 1995;Rousseau et al, 2004;Paulo et al, 2013;Vera et al, 2013). Most of CWs in Ukraine are operated in small rural settlements which are located far away from the central sewage grid, have limited financial resources and energy supply shortages together with a lack of qualified staff for the maintaining and operating more sophisticated treatment systems (Vera et al, 2013).…”

“…Most of CWs in Ukraine are operated in small rural settlements which are located far away from the central sewage grid, have limited financial resources and energy supply shortages together with a lack of qualified staff for the maintaining and operating more sophisticated treatment systems (Vera et al, 2013).…”

Constructed wetlands as post treatment of a decanter digester followed by an anaerobic filter

“…CWs are commonly used in countries such as Chile, Spain and Canada (Vera et al, 2013, Casas-Ledón et al, 2017, Caselles-Osorio et al, 2017, mainly in post-treatment, because they have plants that have the capacity to absorb macronutrients (N and P), which are released in the process of decomposing matter, as well as in the nitrification process that occurs in bacteria related to the roots of plants (according to Li et al, 2015).…”

Remediation effect of pond–ditch circulation on rural wastewater in southern China

“…These integrated decentralized treatment approaches include compound media filter bed combined systems (Wang et al, 2010;Zhang et al, 2009), constructed wetland combined systems (He et al, 2014;Vera et al, 2013) and bio-ecological combined systems (Gao and Hu, 2012;Liang et al, 2009;Wu et al, 2013). These combined wastewater treatment methods have significantly improved water quality in many rural areas of China.…”