the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Innovation Center released details of a proposed alternative payment model for medical oncology care, called Oncology Care First (OCF), for public comment. 1 The OCF model will succeed the Oncology Care Model (OCM), which will expire at the end of 2020. When it started in 2016, the OCM, which was voluntary, was important in oncology due to its emphasis on value-based care transformation.The OCM requires practices to implement the following care transformation activities for patients receiving systemic cancer treatment: (1) 24/7 patient access to a clinician who can view the medical record; (2) patient navigation services; (3) documentation of a care plan that contains all components of the National Academy of Medicine's Care Management Plan; (4) delivery of guideline-recommended care; (5) use of a federally certified electronic health record system; and (6) use of data for continuous quality improvement. There are currently 140 participating practices, which represents about 10% of US oncology practices. Because some of the largest multisite community and academic networks in the country are included, this represents about 25% of patients receiving systemic cancer treatment in the United States.Recognizing that care enhancements can be expensive and cumbersome to implement, the CMS provides OCM practices with upfront monthly payments of $160, in addition to standard fee-for-service, for each patient receiving systemic cancer treatment (chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or hormonal treatment). Practices can use these funds to support care transformation by hiring patient navigators, social workers, and care coordinators; building acute care alternatives to the emergency department; implementing treatment pathway programs; and creating or licensing software for population management. 2 Practices are incentivized to reduce costs of care via shared savings based on benchmark prices and quality measurement. Although it is still early, there is some evidence that the OCM features have led to reduced emergency department visits, intensive care unit admissions, and hospitalizations at the end of life, 3 which provide value and improve the patient experience. The early experience with the OCM also reveals how difficult it is to actualize care transformation because it requires changes in technology, patient engagement, communications, personnel, workflow, data reporting, and perhaps at the most fundamental level, a change in culture and mindset.Building on the success of the OCM, the CMS structured the OCF model as a capitated model with upfront