Two-year study of lipophilic marine toxin profile in mussels of the North-central Adriatic Sea: First report of azaspiracids in Mediterranean seafood

Bacchiocchi, Simone; Siracusa, Melania; Ruzzi, Angela; Gorbi, Stefania; Ercolessi, Manuela; Cosentino, Maria Anna; Ammazzalorso, Patrizia; Orletti, Roberta

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.10.002

Cited by 40 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The contaminated mussels contained OA group toxin concentrations approximately eight times higher than what the European regulatory limits provide ( Hossen et al, 2011 ). In 2010, more than 300 people in Northern Italy were poisoned by OA contaminated mussels ( Bacchiocchi et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Biotoxins: Occurrence, Toxicity, Regulatory Limits and Reference Methods

et al. 2016

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Harmful algal blooms are natural phenomena caused by the massive growth of phytoplankton that may contain highly toxic chemicals, the so-called marine biotoxins causing illness and even death to both aquatic organisms and humans. Their occurrence has been increased in frequency and severity, suggesting a worldwide public health risk. Marine biotoxins can accumulate in bivalve molluscs and regulatory limits have been set for some classes according to European Union legislation. These compounds can be distinguished in water- and fat-soluble molecules. The first group involves those of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning and Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning, whereas the toxins soluble in fat can cause Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning and Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning. Due to the lack of long-term toxicity studies, establishing tolerable daily intakes for any of these marine biotoxins was not possible, but an acute reference dose can be considered more appropriate, because these molecules show an acute toxicity. Dietary exposure assessment is linked both to the levels of marine biotoxins present in bivalve molluscs and the portion that could be eaten by consumers. Symptoms may vary from a severe gastrointestinal intoxication with diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps to neurological disorders such as ataxia, dizziness, partial paralysis, and respiratory distress. The official method for the detection of marine biotoxins is the mouse bioassay (MBA) showing some limits due to ethical restrictions and insufficient specificity. For this reason, the liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method has replaced MBA as the reference technique. However, the monitoring of algal blooms producing marine biotoxins should be regularly assessed in order to obtain more reliable, accurate estimates of bloom toxicity and their potential impacts.

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Section: Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Biotoxins: Occurrence, Toxicity, Regulatory Limits and Reference Methods

et al. 2016

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“…Among other toxins that were recently found in Adriatic mussels (Bacchiocchi et al, 2015) or toxins that can potentially emerge because of the presence of causative organisms, there are azaspiracids and brevetoxins, respectively. Azaspiracids are produced by the dinoflagellate genus Azadinium, which was for a long time neglected in the phytoplankton community due to its small, nanoplanktonic size (Salas et al, 2011).…”

Section: Harmful Native and Non-indigenous Phytoplankton In Adriatic mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rigorous monitoring and focused research have led to the detection of new marine toxins and/or producing species, also emerging elsewhere in world oceans (Lassus et al, 2016). Among these Azadinium, Ostreopsis and Karenia species deserve special attention due to their toxin producing potential for azaspiracids, palytoxins, and brevetoxins, respectively (Bacchiocchi et al, 2015;Gallitelli, 2005;Pfannkuchen et al, 2012). Recurrent blooms of potentially ichthyotoxic raphidophytes are also recorded, however without fish mortalities so far (Pistocchi et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytoplankton diversity in Adriatic ports: Lessons from the port baseline survey for the management of harmful algal species

Mozetič

Cangini²,

Francé

et al. 2019

Marine Pollution Bulletin

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An inventory of phytoplankton diversity in 12 Adriatic ports was performed with the port baseline survey. Particular emphasis was put on the detection of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens (HAOP) because of their negative impact on ecosystem, human health, and the economy. Phytoplanktonic HAOP are identified as species, either native or non-indigenous (NIS), which can trigger harmful algal blooms (HAB). A list of 691 taxa was prepared, and among them 52 were classified as HAB and five as NIS. Records of toxigenic NIS (Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata, Ostreopsis species including O. cf. ovata) indicate that the intrusion of non-native invasive phytoplankton species has already occurred in some Adriatic ports. The seasonal occurrence and abundance of HAOP offers a solid baseline for a monitoring design in ports in order to prevent ballast water uptake and possible expansion of HAOP outside their native region.

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“…One strain of A. poporum was recovered in Corsica which is able to produce AZA-2 (Luo et al, 2017a), and an unidentified Azadinium species was encountered in water samples collected in Fangar Bay (Catalan coast, NW Mediterranean) (Busch et al, 2016), suggesting that higher diversity and wider distribution of Azadinium can be expected in the Mediterranean Sea. In addition, AZA-2 was detected in mussels collected in the Adriatic Sea in 2012 and 2013 (Bacchiocchi et al, 2015), but the responsible species has not been identified yet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sympatric occurrence of two Azadinium poporum ribotypes in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea

et al. 2018

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The marine dinoflagellate Azadinium poporum produce azaspiracids (AZA) and has been recorded widely in the world. However, information on its biogeography is still limited, especially in view of the fact that A. poporum comprises several genetically differentiated groups. A total of 18 strains of A. poporum were obtained from the Eastern Mediterranean area by incubating surface sediment collected from Ionian Sea of Greece. The morphology of these strains was examined with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA), large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were obtained from all cultured strains. Molecular phylogeny based on concatenated SSU, LSU and ITS sequences confirmed three ribotypes within A. poporum and revealed two subclades within ribotypes A and C. Greek strains of A. poporum ribotype A were nested within ribotype A2 together with strains from Western Mediterranean Sea and French Atlantic, and Greek strains of A. poporum ribotype C were nested within ribotype C2 together with a strain from the Gulf of Mexico. Growth experiments on four selected strains revealed that ribotypes A and C from Greece differed in their growth at higher temperatures, indicating that they are physiologically differentiated. Azaspiracid profiles were analyzed for 15 cultured A. poporum strains using LCMS/MS and demonstrate that the A. poporum ribotype A from Greece produce low level or no AZA and A. poporum ribotype C from Greece produces predominantly AZA-40 (9.6-30.2 fg cell) followed by AZA-2 (2.1-2.6 fg cell). The first record of AZA-40 producing A. poporum from the Mediterranean suggests that this species is a potential source for azaspiracid contaminations in shellfish from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea.

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Two-year study of lipophilic marine toxin profile in mussels of the North-central Adriatic Sea: First report of azaspiracids in Mediterranean seafood

Cited by 40 publications

References 48 publications

Marine Biotoxins: Occurrence, Toxicity, Regulatory Limits and Reference Methods

Marine Biotoxins: Occurrence, Toxicity, Regulatory Limits and Reference Methods

Phytoplankton diversity in Adriatic ports: Lessons from the port baseline survey for the management of harmful algal species

Sympatric occurrence of two Azadinium poporum ribotypes in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea

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