Two-Week Exclusive Supplementation of Modified Ketogenic Nutrition Drink Reserves Lean Body Mass and Improves Blood Lipid Profile in Obese Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract

The ketogenic diet has long been recommended in patients with neurological disorders, and its protective effects on the cardiovascular system are of growing research interest. This study aimed to investigate the effects of two-week of low-calorie ketogenic nutrition drinks in obese adults. Subjects were randomized to consume drinks either a ketone-to-non-ketone ratio of 4:1 (KD 4:1), a drink partially complemented with protein at 1.7:1 (KD 1.7:1), or a balanced nutrition drink (BD). Changes in body weight, body composition, blood lipid profile, and blood ketone bodies were investigated. Blood ketone bodies were induced and maintained in the group that consumed both 4:1 and 1.7:1 ketogenic drinks (p < 0.001). Body weight and body fat mass significantly declined in all groups between 0 and 1 week and between 1 and 2 weeks (p < 0.05), while skeletal muscle mass remained unchanged only in the KD 1.7:1 group (p > 0.05). The blood lipid profile improved, appetite was reduced, and fullness was maintained in the two ketogenic drink groups. This study indicates the possibility for the development of obesity treatments based on ketogenic nutrition drinks even with a moderate ketogenic ratio of 1.7:1, as well as adjuvant therapies based on ketosis induction and maintenance for the treatment of other diseases and health conditions.

Dietary Strategies for Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review

“…Although there is no standardized definition of the ketogenic diet, it is characterized by a reduction in CH to less than 10% of daily energy intake, which means around 30 to 50 g of CH per day, and a relative increase of fat intake (fat to CH and protein intake ratio of 3:1 to 4:1) [ 105 ]. This restrictive dietary pattern has shown protective effects for obesity and CVD by reducing body weight and improving the lipid profile [ 104 , 106 , 107 , 108 ]. The meta-analysis of Bueno et al observed greater weight loss (weighted mean difference −0.91 kg (95% CI −1.65 to −0.17 kg)), and reduced triglyceride (−0.18 mmol/L (95% CI −0.27 to −0.08)) and diastolic BP levels (−1.43 mmHg (CI −2.49 to −0.37)), while HDL-c levels increased (0.09 mmol/L (95% CI 0.06 to 0.12)) after following a ketogenic diet compared to a low-fat diet [ 52 ].…”

Metabolic switching is impaired by aging and facilitated by ketosis independent of glycogen

“…After the 8 weeks of experimental diets, however, there was a significant diet group effect (F[2,26] = 10.12; p = 0.001), but no significant effect of age (F[1,26] = 2.04; p = 0.17). Furthermore, time point significantly interacted with diet group (F [12,156] = 3.13; p = 0.001) but not age (F [12,156] = 0.43; p = 0.86). Because of the significant effects of diet group, glucose and BHB results are plotted separately for each diet group in Figures 6A-6F.…”

“…Without fasting, ketosis can also be achieved with high fat, low carbohydrate ketogenic diets (KD). Importantly, long-term ketosis has also been shown to prevent cognitive and physical declines associated with aging [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. It remains to be determined, however, whether TRF alone can produce sufficient levels of ketosis to elicit similar health benefits and the extent to which TRF with a KD may have additive benefits on the healthspan of older adults and other animals.…”

Impact of carbohydrate-reduced nutrition in septic patients on ICU: study protocol for a prospective randomised controlled trial

“…In this randomised controlled study, a total of 40 patients, that is, 20 patients in the intervention group and 20 patients in the control group, will be enrolled. Based on the available data on ketogenic diet regimes for healthy individuals referring to the beta-hydroxybutyric acid blood concentration 11 and our estimation of a clinical reasonable effect size, we assume an effect size (Cohen's d) between 1.34 and 2.14 as appropriate. Subsequently, we conducted sample size calculations with varying effect sizes between 1.34 and 2.14 at a level of significance of α=0.05.…”

“…Each curve represents the results for one specific effect size (from left to right: d=2.14; d=1.94; d=1.74; d=1.54; d=1.34), where d=2.0 is usually considered as appropriate effect size in the literature. 11 For the assumed relatively low effect size of d=1.34, α=0.05 and 1−β=0.95 in total about 40 patients were needed. Open access control group will receive a standardised wholesome diet according to the hospital's menu.…”