Two-Way Gaze Sharing in Remote Teaching

Abstract

On-line teaching situations where a tutor and their students are remote from each other mean that contact between them is reduced compared with teaching in a classroom. We report an initial study of twoway gaze sharing between a tutor and a group of students, who were in different locations. A 45-minute class consisted of an introductory lecture followed by an exercise in using two software tools, one for building an experiment and the other for analysis of the data collected. The tutor went through an exercise step by step and the students followed. This was run twice with four students on each run. The tutor had a view of the students' desktops with their gaze markers overlaid and each student had a view of the tutor's desktop and gaze marker. Students found seeing the tutor's gaze marker helpful during the exercise but distracting when reading the text on the lecture slides. The tutor found the view of the students' gaze point helpful as an indicator of their current object of attention when giving assistance to individuals.

I Cannot See Students Focusing on My Presentation; Are They Following Me? Continuous Monitoring of Student Engagement through "Stungage"

“…The researcher observed that showing the gaze made the presentation easier for the students following the lecture. Afterwards, a few works [14,15,27,47] captured the eye gaze signal through the eye tracker for collaborative reading, writing, problem-solving, and learning. Later on, the authors in [28,49] explored acoustic signal along with the eye gaze for improving the remote collaborative performance.…”

“…Consequently, several works have utilized signals like video captured from the front camera [8,21,25] or utilized specialized devices like smart glasses, thermal cameras, eye-trackers, etc. [1,22,47,54,56] to capture the eye dynamics of the students to analyze how they interact with the computer during a live lecture. Intuitively, a solution involving such specialized devices can not scale well for the masses, whereas a continuous eye monitoring-based solution poses a major limitation as follows.…”

CalmResponses: Displaying Collective Audience Reactions in Remote Communication

“…These days, researchers study the use of these modalities in online communication. For eye gaze, prior research has explored the effect of sharing eye gaze movements with remote users in online communication [16,17,59,63,68,75]. In these cases, users share their gaze positions on their screens, which helps to disambiguate what the speaker is referring to [16].…”

“…In this system, users can easily grasp who is talking to whom and about what. Other research [59,75] visualized eye gaze positions from multiple students in remote classes or exercises. Similarly, nodding has also been leveraged in computer-mediated communication [14,25,36,47,72].…”

A Multimodal Eye Movement Dataset and a Multimodal Eye Movement Segmentation Analysis

“…The application elds of an eye tracker are wide-ranging and include expertise determination [4], human computer interaction [11], human robot interaction [3], improved remote assistance [71], visualizations [33,35,55], facilitating the work of surgeons [2,5,7,8,43], and much more. Due to this variety of possible applications, eye trackers must perform reliably under a wide range of conditions, which creates a great many challenges in image processing [10] but also in eye movement classi cation [37].…”