Two types of cholinergic innervation in cortex, one co-localized with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

Eckenstein, F.; Baughman, Robert W.

doi:10.1038/309153a0

Cited by 353 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…,198 1) and indicated that vessels very distal in the cerebral mi crocirculation are sensitive to VIP. These vessels could be affected by VIP, which originates in peri vascular nerves or as an extracellular space neuro transmitter in cortical neurons (Eckenstein and Baughman, 1984). Our data also indicate that cere bral vessels are quite sensitive to VIP (as compared with pial vessels) .…”

Section: Discussion Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (Vip)supporting

confidence: 56%

“…(1986), they end on the inner layers of the adventitia in a spiral pattern. VIP has also been shown to be co-localized in cere bral tissues with choline acetyltransferase in nerves that are thought to be responsible for neurogenic cerebral vasodilation (Eckenstein and Baughman, 1984). In addition, sympathectomy does not reduce the presence of VIP in pial arteries as measured by immunofluorescence (Edvinsson et aI., 1984).…”

Section: Discussion Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (Vip)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vasomotor Responses of Rat Intracerebral Arterioles to Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Substance P, Neuropeptide Y, and Bradykinin

Dacey

Bassett

Takayasu

1988

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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Summary:The effect of vasoactive peptides on vascular smooth muscle in the cerebral microcirculation was ex amined using an isolated intracerebral arteriole prepara tion. Extraluminally applied vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) dilated the spontaneous tone of intracerebral arte rioles to 118.9 ± 3.1% of control diameter at pH 7.30, with an EC50 of 7.27 x 10-8 M. Similar degrees of dila tion to VIP were seen in vessels preconstricted by changing bath solution to pH 7.60. Substance P had no effect on vessel diameter at pH 7.30. However, in vessels precontracted by pH 7.60, significant dose-dependent di lation was observed with an EC50 of 2.55 x 10-1 0 M.Local chemical, neural, and humoral mecha nisms affect cerebral vascular resistance. Neural regulation of cerebral blood flow is mediated by ad renergic, cholinergic, and peptidergic mechanisms. These systems, acting either alone or in combina tion, change vessel caliber and thus change resis tance to blood flow. Adrenergic and cholinergic control of cerebral resistance vessels occurs mainly by the release of a vasoactive substance from nerve endings near the wall of the vessel. Innervation of cerebral vessels has been demonstrated both ana tomically, by histochemical methods, and physio logically by studies of vascular smooth muscle in vitro and studies of CBF regulation in vivo.Some neural responses of the cerebral circula tion, however, are not controlled by the classical 254Neuropeptide Y constricted intracerebral arterioles to 8l.22 ± 2.7% of control diameter, with an EC50 of 6.23 x 10-1 0 M. Bradykinin dilated intracerebral arterioles at pH 7.30 and pH 7.60 to 130 ± 3.0% of control diameter. VIP and bradykinin are potent vasodilators of intracerebral arterioles. Neuropeptide Y is a vasoconstrictor. The ef fect of substance P appeared to be either pH-dependent or dependent on some degree of precontraction by an other agonist, but no effect on vessel diameter was seen at pH 7.30.

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Section: Discussion Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (Vip)supporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Discussion Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (Vip)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vasomotor Responses of Rat Intracerebral Arterioles to Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Substance P, Neuropeptide Y, and Bradykinin

Dacey

Bassett

Takayasu

1988

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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“…The few VIP fibers remaining in small pial branches after bilateral re moval of the sphenopalatine ganglion may possibly originate from central VIP neurons. The peptide is found in a subpopulation of cortical neurons that appear to be associated with cortical blood vessels (Eckenstein and Baughman, 1984). The physiological function of the cerebrovas cular VIP innervation is not known.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origins and Pathways of Cerebrovascular Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide-Positive Nerves in Rat

Suzuki

Hardebo

Owman

1988

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

209

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Summary: In order to clarify the origins and pathways of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-containing nerve fibers in cerebral blood vessels of rat, denervation exper iments and retrograde axonal tracing methods (true blue) were used. Numerous VIP-positive nerve cells were rec ognized in the sphenopalatine ganglion and in a mini-gan glion (internal carotid mini-ganglion) located on the in ternal carotid artery in the carotid canal, where the para sympathetic greater superficial petrosal nerve is joined by the sympathetic fibers from the internal carotid nerve, to form the Vidian nerve. VIP fiber bridges in the greater deep petrosal nerve and the internal carotid nerve reached the wall of the internal carotid artery. Two weeks after bilateral removal of the sphenopalatine ganglion or sectioning of the structures in the ethmoidal foramen, VIP fibers in the anterior part of the circle of Willis com pletely disappeared. Very few remained in the middle ce rebral artery, the posterior cerebral artery, and rostral Cerebral blood vessels are well supplied with classic adrenergic and cholinergic nerve fibers as well as with peptide-containing fibers (Owman et aI. , 1986). Among these, the vasodilatory peptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), has been demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in whole mount preparations of major pial cerebral arteries from mouse, rat, hamster, guinea pig, gerbil, rabbit, cat, dog, pig, cow, monkey, and man (Larsson et aI., 1976; Edvinsson et aI., 1980; Kobayashi et aI. , 1983; Matsuyama et aI. , 1983 andEdvinsson and Ekman, 1984; Itakura et aI. , 1984; Gibbins et aI., 1984;Brayden and Bevan, 1986).In most species little is known about the origin and distribution of the VIP nerves to the cerebral blood vessels. In cat they appear to originate from several miniganglia associated with nerves around Received December 7, 1987; accepted February 19, 1988. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. N. Suzuki at Department of Medical Cell Research, University of Lund, Biskopsgatan 5, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden.Abbreviations used: AChE, acetylcholinesterase; ChAT, cho line acetyltransferase; VIP, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. 697two-thirds of the basilar artery, whereas they remained in the caudal one-third of the basilar artery, the vertebral artery, and intracranial and carotid canal segments of the internal carotid artery. One week after application of true blue to the middle cerebral artery, dye accumulated in the ganglion cells in the sphenopalatine, otic and internal ca rotid mini-ganglion; some of the cells were positive for VIP. The results show that the VIP nerves in rat cerebral blood vessels originate: (a) in the sphenopalatine, and otic ganglion to innervate the circle of Willis and its branches from anterior and caudally and (b) from the in ternal carotid mini-ganglion to innervate the internal ca rotid artery at the level of the carotid canal and to some extent its intracranial extensions.

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“…Cholinergic interneurons in the cerebral neocortex have only been observed previously in Murid rodents, with non-Murid rodents lacking these neurons (Bhagwandin et al, 2006;Kruger et al, 2012). Studies of the chemical nature of the cholinergic neocortical neurons in Rattus norvegicus, a Murid rodent, have indicated that these neurons likely co-contain vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (Eckenstein and Baughman, 1984;Bayraktar et al, 1997). Thus, these neocortical neurons have multiple transmission lines that may allow them to modulate the cortical microcirculation in relation to these multiple transmission lines (Chedotal et al, 1994).…”

Section: The "Hypercholinergic" Golden Molementioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear organisation of some immunohistochemically identifiable neural systems in three Afrotherian species—Potomogale velox, Amblysomus hottentotus and Petrodromus tetradactylus

Calvey

Patzke

Kaswera

et al. 2013

Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy

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Paul.Manger@wits.ac.za 2 Highlights  The organisation of four neural systems is described in the brains of three Afrotherians not previously studied  These systems are organised in a similar manner to other mammals.  There are features that reflect both phylogenetic and functional signals in the evolution of these neural systems.  The golden mole appears to be a "hyper-cholinergic" mammal, possessing cholinergic neurons in novel regions of the brain. AbstractThe present study describes the organization of the cholinergic, catecholaminergic, serotonergic and orexinergic (hypocretinergic) neurons in the brains of the giant otter shrew, the Hottentot golden mole and the four-toed sengi, three members of the mammalian super orderAfrotheria. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible differences in the nuclear complement of these neural systems in comparison to previous studies on other Afrotheria species and other mammalian species. Brains of the golden mole, sengi and giant otter shrew were coronally sectioned and immunohistochemically stained with antibodies against cholineacetyl-transferase, tyrosine hydroxylase, serotonin and orexin-A. The majority of nuclei revealed in the current study were similar between the species investigated, to other Afrotherian species investigated, and to other mammals, but certain differences in the nuclear complement highlighted phylogenetic interrelationships. The golden mole was seen to have cholinergic interneurons in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, olfactory bulb and amygdala. The four-toed sengi had cholinergic neurons in both colliculi and in the cochlear nucleus, but lacked the catecholaminergic A15d group in the hypothalamus. In both the golden mole and the four-toed sengi, the locus coeruleus (A6d group) was made up of few neurons. The golden mole also exhibited an unusual foreshortening of the brain, such that a major kink in the brainstem was evident. The results of this study, framed in a phylogenetic context, appear to indicate that the golden mole and four-toed sengi share a more recent common ancestor that diverged from the tenrec lineage early in the phylogenetic history of the Afrotherians.

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Two types of cholinergic innervation in cortex, one co-localized with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

Cited by 353 publications

References 21 publications

Vasomotor Responses of Rat Intracerebral Arterioles to Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Substance P, Neuropeptide Y, and Bradykinin

Vasomotor Responses of Rat Intracerebral Arterioles to Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Substance P, Neuropeptide Y, and Bradykinin

Origins and Pathways of Cerebrovascular Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide-Positive Nerves in Rat

Nuclear organisation of some immunohistochemically identifiable neural systems in three Afrotherian species—Potomogale velox, Amblysomus hottentotus and Petrodromus tetradactylus

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