Two-Tone Distortion on the Basilar Membrane of the Chinchilla Cochlea

Robles, Luis; Ruggero, Mario A.; Rich, Nola C.

doi:10.1152/jn.1997.77.5.2385

Cited by 125 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 62 publications

(91 reference statements)

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“…In these instances, the iDP generally increased in level as the f 2 /f 1 ratio decreased, which was similar to observations for the noninvasive measures of the 2f 1 -f 2 iDPs in Figure 2. Some of the clearest examples analogous to the present methods can be seen in Figures 6 and 7 of Robles et al (1997). Similar f 2 /f 1 ratio functions were also obtained by Rhode (2007), even when the CF of the BM site was at f 2 , i.e., near the iDP site of generation.…”

Section: Validity Of Noninvasive Techniquesupporting

confidence: 86%

“…For example, as the f 2 /f 1 ratio is decreased, the 2f 1 -f 2 DPOAE from the ear canal often increases to a maximum at an Boptimal^f 2 /f 1 ratio of 1.2-1.25 and then dramatically decreases at narrower f 2 /f 1 ratios (Harris et al 1989;Johnson et al 2006). This results in the well-described inverted U-shaped f 2 /f 1 ratio function for DPOAEs (e.g., Harris et al 1989), which is often not observed in similar functions obtained for iDPs measured directly on the BM (e.g., Cooper and Rhode 1997;Rhode and Cooper 1997;Robles et al 1997) when the iDP is located at the characteristic frequency (CF) of the measurement site. That is, the 2f 1 -f 2 DP on the BM continues to increase in level as the f 2 /f 1 ratio decreases toward 1.0.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…At least three studies Rhode and Cooper 1997;Robles et al 1997) examined the effects of the f 2 /f 1 ratio on the 2f 1 -f 2 iDP with the iDP centered at the CF of the BM preparation. In these instances, the iDP generally increased in level as the f 2 /f 1 ratio decreased, which was similar to observations for the noninvasive measures of the 2f 1 -f 2 iDPs in Figure 2.…”

Section: Validity Of Noninvasive Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparing Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions to Intracochlear Distortion Products Inferred from a Noninvasive Assay

Martin

Stagner

Dong

et al. 2016

JARO

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The behavior of intracochlear distortion products (iDPs) was inferred by interacting a probe tone (f 3 ) with the iDP of interest to produce a Bsecondaryd istortion product otoacoustic emission termed DPOAE 2ry . Measures of the DPOAE 2ry were then used to deduce the properties of the iDP. This approach was used in alert rabbits and anesthetized gerbils to compare ear-canal 2f 1 -f 2 and 2f 2 -f 1 DPOAE f 2 /f 1 ratio functions, level/phase (L/P) maps, and interferenceresponse areas (IRAs) to their simultaneously collected DPOAE 2ry counterparts. These same measures were also collected in a human volunteer to demonstrate similarities with their laboratory animal counterparts and their potential applicability to humans. Results showed that DPOAEs and inferred iDPs evidenced distinct behaviors and properties. That is, DPOAE ratio functions elicited by low-level primaries peaked around an f 2 /f 1 = 1.21 or 1.25, depending on species, while the corresponding inferred iDP ratio functions peaked at f 2 /f 1 ratios of~1. Additionally, L/ P maps showed rapid phase variation with DPOAE frequency (f dp ) for the narrow-ratio 2f 1 -f 2 and all 2f 2 -f 1 DPOAEs, while the corresponding DPOAE 2ry measures evidenced relatively constant phases. Common features of narrow-ratio DPOAE IRAs, such as large enhancements for interference tones (ITs) presented above f 2 , were not present in DPOAE 2ry IRAs. Finally, based on prior experiments in gerbils, the behavior of the iDP directly measured in intracochlear pressure was compared to the iDP inferred from the DPOAE 2ry and found to be similar. Together, these findings are consistent with the notion that under certain conditions, ear-canal DPOAEs provide poor representations of iDPs and thus support a Bbeamforming^hypothe-sis. According to this concept, distributed emission components directed toward the ear canal from the f 2 and basal to f 2 regions can be of differing phases and thus cancel, while these same components directed toward f dp add in phase.

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Section: Validity Of Noninvasive Techniquesupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Validity Of Noninvasive Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Comparing Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions to Intracochlear Distortion Products Inferred from a Noninvasive Assay

Martin

Stagner

Dong

et al. 2016

JARO

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show abstract

“…As one of various cochlear nonlinearities, distortion products (DPs) are a response to an absent tone after a two-tone pair is transmitted to the hearing apparatus. This phenomenon was observed 50 years ago in the auditory nerve [2], in otoacoustic emissions [3], and on the basilar membrane (BM) [4,5]. Also, the amplitudes of DPs depend on the sound pressure levels of the two-tone pairs, and show a pattern of maximum values being distributed on a positive linear path and gradually decreasing when the difference in the two-tone pair level is increased [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Input level dependence of distortion products generated by saturating feedback in a cochlear model

Murakami

Ishimitsu

2016

Acoust. Sci. & Tech.

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In this paper, we demonstrate how feedback from a saturation function can explain the generation mechanisms of cochlear distortion products (DPs) using a transmission line model of the cochlea, two simple nonlinear phenomenological models, and a power-law nonlinear model. The first model includes feedback via a saturating element that models outer hair cell motility toggled by mechanoelectric transduction. The second models focus on the saturation process in the cochlea, and result in either feed-forward or feedback. The third model can fit compressive growth in the cochlear input-output function. The models show compressive growth in input-output properties for a single tone and generate DPs at moderate input levels for two tones. The results of the transmission line model show a good fit to the experimental results. DP levels are concentrated when the levels of the two tones are equal in the simple feed-forward model and are widely distributed in the simple feedback model. The simple feedback model shows similar results to the transmission line model, with the exception of the dependence on the frequency rate. The results of the power-law nonlinear model with an appropriate power are comparable to the results of the simple feedback model. These results suggest that the saturating feedback process generates appropriate power-law nonlinearity and can account for the input level dependence of DP generation in the cochlea.

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“…Note that for the 62-dB SPL masker level, gray symbols fall below the line indicating where d′ equal 1, but the open symbols fall above this line. The amplitudes of cochlear distortion products are below the amplitudes of the primary frequencies (Goldstein 1967;Buunen and Rhode 1978;Dolan 1990, 1993;Robles et al 1997;Cooper and Rhode 1997). Since the levels of the primaries for the 500-Hz F0 tone complex were 60-dB SPL, then the distortion product at 500 Hz should have been below 60-dB SPL.…”

Section: Experiments 1: Effect Of Low-pass Masking Noise On Behavioralmentioning

confidence: 94%

Perception of the Missing Fundamental by Chinchillas in the Presence of Low-Pass Masking Noise

Shofner

2010

JARO

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The pitch of the missing fundamental (F0) is one of the principal psychological attributes of human pitch perception. Behavioral responses to harmonic tone complexes having missing F0s were measured in chinchillas using operant conditioning and stimulus generalization. Animals were trained to discriminate between tone complexes having a 500-Hz F0 and a 125-Hz F0. When animals were tested with tone complexes having the same F0s, but where the F0s were missing, responses were similar to those obtained when the F0s were present, suggesting that missing F0 sounds were perceptually equivalent to F0 present sounds. Behavioral responses to F0 present and missing F0 stimuli were similar in the presence of low-pass masking noise, suggesting that the perception was not due to the reinsertion of the F0 through cochlear nonlinearities. Gradients in behavioral responses were observed when the F0s of test complexes were systematically varied, suggesting the existence of a psychological dimension related to F0. Behavioral responses were related to the F0 rather than to spectral differences among test stimuli when the F0 and spectrum were varied independently. The results indicate that chinchillas possess a pitch-like perception of the missing F0 that is unlikely to arise from cochlear distortion products.

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Two-Tone Distortion on the Basilar Membrane of the Chinchilla Cochlea

Abstract: Basilar membrane responses to pairs of tones were measured, with the use of a laser velocimeter, in the basal turn of the cochlea in anesthetized chinchillas.

Cited by 125 publications

References 62 publications

Comparing Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions to Intracochlear Distortion Products Inferred from a Noninvasive Assay

Comparing Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions to Intracochlear Distortion Products Inferred from a Noninvasive Assay

Input level dependence of distortion products generated by saturating feedback in a cochlear model

Perception of the Missing Fundamental by Chinchillas in the Presence of Low-Pass Masking Noise

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