“…Parenting education and strengths-based family preservation are crucial to improved caregiving and decreased incidence of child abuse and neglect (Namyniuk et al, 1997), and to improvements in emotional availability, affective attunement, and positive dyadic interaction between mother and baby (Burns, Chethik, Burns, & Clark, 1997;Lief, 1985). Better outcomes occur when services are specialized to target women's needs and/or mother and baby remain together over the course of treatment, often leading to improved treatment retention, which is linked to higher levels of posttreatment abstinence and decreased recidivism rates (Glider et al, 1996;Grella et al, 2000;Szuster, Rich, Chung, & Bisconer, 1996;Weisdorf, Parran, Graham, & Synder, 1999). As satisfying relationships develop between mother and child, posttreatment abstinence rates improve, resulting in long-term beneÞts for mother and child as the relationship helps to reorganize the addictive reward system from reliance on substances to the positive associations of the relationship with baby (Collins, Grella, & Hser, 2003;Pajulo et al, 2006).…”