Two steps forward, one step back: the pleiotropic effects of favoured alleles

Otto, Sarah P.

doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2635

Cited by 189 publications

(222 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, because many traits are simultaneously under selection, it becomes less efficient and more genetic variability can be retained [70]. The efficiency of selection should decrease further in the presence of pleiotropy [71,72], as some alleles can be favourable for one trait and unfavourable for another. Because S. latifolia is dioecious, variability in dimorphic traits such as flower number, stem length or age at first flowering [73] may also be retained because of antagonistic selection between the sexes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of inbreeding, genetic dissimilarity and phenotype on male reproductive success in a dioecious plant

et al. 2011

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Pollen fate can strongly affect the genetic structure of populations with restricted gene flow and significant inbreeding risk. We established an experimental population of inbred and outbred Silene latifolia plants to evaluate the effects of (i) inbreeding depression, (ii) phenotypic variation and (iii) relatedness between mates on male fitness under natural pollination. Paternity analysis revealed that outbred males sired significantly more offspring than inbred males. Independently of the effects of inbreeding, male fitness depended on several male traits, including a sexually dimorphic (flower number) and a gametophytic trait (in vitro pollen germination rate). In addition, full-sib matings were less frequent than randomly expected. Thus, inbreeding, phenotype and genetic dissimilarity simultaneously affect male fitness in this animal-pollinated plant. While inbreeding depression might threaten population persistence, the deficiency of effective matings between sibs and the higher fitness of outbred males will reduce its occurrence and counter genetic erosion.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of inbreeding, genetic dissimilarity and phenotype on male reproductive success in a dioecious plant

et al. 2011

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“…Recent genome-wide studies of the architecture of genetic networks reveal that pleiotropy is more widespread than was previously thought [48,49]. Consequently, new mutations often exert effects on multiple traits simultaneously, meaning that pleiotropy can constrain adaptation because adaptive change in one trait might be compromised by others [50][51][52]. However, this constraint can be an advantage for cooperation when it prevents the origination of cheaters.…”

Section: Pleiotropic Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

What can microbial genetics teach sociobiology?

2007

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Progress in our understanding of sociobiology has occurred with little knowledge of the genetic mechanisms that underlie social traits. However, several recent studies have described microbial genes that affect social traits, thereby bringing genetics to sociobiology. A key finding is that simple genetic changes can have marked social consequences, and mutations that affect cheating and recognition behaviors have been discovered. The study of these mutants confirms a central theoretical prediction of social evolution: that genetic relatedness promotes cooperation. Microbial genetics also provides an important new perspective: that the genome-to-phenome mapping of social organisms might be organized to constrain the evolution of social cheaters. This constraint can occur both through pleiotropic genes that link cheating to a personal cost and through the existence of phoenix genes, which rescue cooperative systems from selfish and destructive strategies. These new insights show the power of studying microorganisms to improve our understanding of the evolution of cooperation.

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“…Fisher (1930) inferred that new mutations of large effect are likely to have large deleterious pleiotropic effects. Recently, Otto (2004) showed that with respect to mutations that are fixed by selection this holds true, in part. In Otto's (2004) model, mutations have an effect on a focal character and an additional pleiotropic effect where it is assumed that this pleiotropic effect is unconditionally deleterious.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interesting and complicated dynamics arise due to the fact that, for instance, when mutations act pleiotropically, a mutation that is beneficial and is fixed in an environment and deleterious in a second environment can be beneficial or deleterious in an intermediate environment of a hybrid population, depending on the contingent make-up of mutations in the hybrid population. Otto (2004) recently presented a result that gives the expected decrease in fitness of a fixed mutation that is caused by it acting pleiotropically (the so-called 'Two steps forward, one step back' principle), whereby pleiotropy reduces the mean selective effect of a mutation that is fixed by selection by one-third. Griswold and Whitlock (2003) quantified the fraction of mutations fixed by selection that are expected to have a deleterious pleiotropic effect on a particular character.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous theoretical studies of the consequences of pleiotropy on properties of fixed mutations have focused on the overall selective effect of a fixed mutation or the effect of the mutation on one of the several characters affected by it (with exception to an analysis by Otto (2004), see below). In this paper, I am interested in determining the relationship between the additive pleiotropic effects of a mutation that was fixed by selection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The relationship between the pleiotropic phenotypic effects of a mutation fixed by selection

Griswold

2007

Heredity

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A pleiotropic model of mutation is presented that allows for correlations between the effects of a new mutation and for the distribution of mutational effects to vary from being leptokurtic to normally distributed. Using this model I quantify how selection transforms the correlation between the effects of a new (random) mutation into the correlation between the effects of a mutation that is fixed by selection and contributes to an adaptation. Results suggest that under most conditions the correlation between the effects of a fixed mutation is less than the correlation between the effects of a new mutation. I also generalize previous results that quantified the expected size of a fixed mutation's effect on a character given an observed effect of that mutation on another character. In agreement with previous results, work here suggests that as the observed effect becomes large and beneficial the expected effect on another character approaches the expected effect of a new (random) mutation given the observed effect. Lastly, these theoretical results are related to recent empirical work that found beneficial mutations had a positive correlation in their pleiotropic effects.

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Two steps forward, one step back: the pleiotropic effects of favoured alleles

Cited by 189 publications

References 34 publications

The effects of inbreeding, genetic dissimilarity and phenotype on male reproductive success in a dioecious plant

The effects of inbreeding, genetic dissimilarity and phenotype on male reproductive success in a dioecious plant

What can microbial genetics teach sociobiology?

The relationship between the pleiotropic phenotypic effects of a mutation fixed by selection

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