Two-step enzymatic production of environmentally friendly biolubricants using castor oil: Enzyme selection and product characterization

Greco-Duarte, Jaqueline; Cavalcanti-Oliveira, Elisa D.; Silva, J.A.C. Da; Fernández-Lafuente, Roberto; Freire, Denise Maria Guimarães

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2017.04.036

Cited by 55 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…This fact implies that they are safe when it comes to storage and management, exceeding most requirements for this parameter in the case of rapeseed oil, and improving the results of the commercial lubricants [18]. Regarding the viscosity index, it could be said that both biolubricants showed multigrade characteristics (exceeding 140, being suitable for industrial purposes), and therefore, viscosity is less variable over temperature for these products, compared to the commercial lubricants, which showed lower viscosity indexes (below 100) [23,24]. For CFPP and pour point, it could be said that, in general, the commercial lubricants showed lower (and better) values compared to the biolubricants obtained, with the values of the latter being comparable to other biolubricants [18].…”

Section: Influence Of Raw Materials On Biolubricantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biolubricants from Rapeseed and Castor Oil Transesterification by Using Titanium Isopropoxide as a Catalyst: Production and Characterization

et al. 2020

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The transesterification of rapeseed and castor oil methyl esters with different alcohols (2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 1-heptanol and 4-methyl-2-pentanol) and titanium isopropoxide as a catalyst, to produce biolubricants, was carried out. Parameters such as temperature, alcohol/methyl ester molar ratio, and catalyst concentration were studied to optimize the process. The reaction evolution was monitored with the decrease in FAME concentration by gas chromatography. In general, the reaction was almost complete in two hours, obtaining over 93% conversions. All the variables studied influenced on the reaction yields. Once the optimum conditions for the maximum conversion and minimum costs were selected, a characterization of the biolubricants obtained, along with the study of the influence of the kind of alcohol used, was carried out. The biolubricants had some properties that were better than mineral lubricants (flash points between 222 and 271 °C), needing the use of additives when they do not comply with the standards (low viscosity for rapeseed biolubricant, for instance). There was a clear influence of fatty acids of raw materials (oleic and ricinoleic acids as majority fatty acids in rapeseed and castor oil, respectively) and the structure of the alcohol used on the final features of the biolubricants.

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Section: Influence Of Raw Materials On Biolubricantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biolubricants from Rapeseed and Castor Oil Transesterification by Using Titanium Isopropoxide as a Catalyst: Production and Characterization

et al. 2020

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“…Various green technologies for esterification have been investigated including self‐esterification, heterogeneous catalysis, and enzymatic reactions, and there are several previous studies highlighting solvent‐free esterification for biolubricant production . However, to the best of our knowledge, most of DFAEs are produced by esterification of dimer acid and alcohol catalyzed by organic acid such as p ‐toluenesulfonic acid, or dimerization of methyl ester of fatty acids .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excellent Properties of Dimer Fatty Acid Esters as Biolubricant Produced by Catalyst‐ and Solvent‐Free Esterification

Armylisas

Fauzi

Mohd

et al. 2019

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Currently most technologies available to produce esters require acid or base catalysts for esterification or transesterification reactions. Production of dimerate esters (DE) exhibiting potential as a biolubricant for low temperature applications using catalyst‐ and solvent‐free approaches is presented in this article. Hydrogenated C36 dimer acid and alcohol are reacted under the following conditions: dimer acid/alcohol (1:4.5 molar ratio), 150–200 °C, 24 h, 3Å molecular sieve (15% w/w). The performances of four DE species—dibutyl, dihexyl, di‐(2‐ethylhexyl), and dioctyl dimerate—as lubricant base stocks are evaluated by kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, cloud and pour point (cold flow properties) as well as oxidative stability, and compared with commercial synthetic lubricant base stock and DE, Radialube 7121. High viscosity indexes ranging between 129 and 138 are observed for the synthesized DEs, which are comparable with two commercial base stock, polyalpha olefin (PAO), and polyolester (POE). Significantly low pour point, less than −42 °C, is observed for di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) dimerate attributed to the branching of the side chain. The DEs are categorized as ISO VG 68 based on their viscosity according to ISO 3448 classification and show potential as biolubricant with high viscosity index and excellent cold flow properties. Practical Applications: DFAE obtained have high potential to be used as lubricant base stock for equipment and machinery operating at extremely low temperature.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) are an important group of biocatalysts used in many biotechnological applications, such as in the synthesis of biopolymers, biodiesel, biolubricants, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, compounds used in the cosmetics industry, among others. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] These enzymes are able to catalyze distinct reactions, such as hydrolysis, esterification and transesterification, presenting enormous versatility in different types of organic synthesis, exhibiting high specificity and selectivity. [11][12][13][14] In esterification reactions, for example, depending on the alcohol or carboxylic acid chain length, ester molecules exhibiting distinct properties are produced and can be employed for different purposes, such as emulsifiers, lubricants, flavor or cosmetic compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production and optimization of isopropyl palmitate via biocatalytic route using home‐made enzymatic catalysts

Barsé

Graebin

Cipolatti

et al. 2018

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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BACKGROUND This study investigated the use of core–shell biocatalysts, synthesized using recombinant lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB), for the production of isopropyl palmitate and the optimization of this biocatalytic route. RESULTS Initially, three distinct core–shell biocatalysts, were evaluated for the production of isopropyl palmitate and the CALB‐P(S‐co‐DVB)/P(S‐co‐DVB) biocatalyst (biocatalyst made of polystyrene‐co‐divinylbenzene core–shell particles) was the most suitable biocatalyst for this purpose. The effect of organic solvents – n‐hexane, isooctane, n‐heptane and cyclohexane – in the ester conversion was evaluated, and the most suitable solvent was the isooctane. The optimal reaction conditions were pursued conducting an optimization statistical analysis. The most suitable reaction conditions were identified: reaction temperature, 55°C; substrate molar ratio, 1:1.42 (palmitic acid: isopropyl alcohol); biocatalyst content, 24% w/w. Finally, the reuse of the biocatalyst was evaluated and the relative enzymatic activity remained up to 50% after the fourth cycle. CONCLUSION Results were compared with commercial biocatalyst and the home‐made enzymatic biocatalyst (CALB‐P(S‐co‐DVB/PS‐co‐DVB) showed promise for application in the synthesis of isopropyl palmitate. The optimization study improved reaction conversion from 30% to 78%. The home‐made biocatalysts exhibited better performance for the synthesis of isopropyl palmitate compared with the commercial Novozym 435, using the same enzymatic activity. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

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Two-step enzymatic production of environmentally friendly biolubricants using castor oil: Enzyme selection and product characterization

Cited by 55 publications

References 51 publications

Biolubricants from Rapeseed and Castor Oil Transesterification by Using Titanium Isopropoxide as a Catalyst: Production and Characterization

Biolubricants from Rapeseed and Castor Oil Transesterification by Using Titanium Isopropoxide as a Catalyst: Production and Characterization

Excellent Properties of Dimer Fatty Acid Esters as Biolubricant Produced by Catalyst‐ and Solvent‐Free Esterification

Production and optimization of isopropyl palmitate via biocatalytic route using home‐made enzymatic catalysts

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