Two-stage partial melting and contrasting cooling history within the Higher Himalayan Crystalline Sequence in the far-eastern Nepal Himalaya

Imayama, Takeshi; Takeshita, Toru; Yi, Keewook; Cho, Deung Lyong; Kitajima, Kouki; Tsutsumi, Yukiyasu; Kayama, Masahiro; Nishido, Hirotsugu; Okumura, T.; Yagi, Koshi; Itaya, Tetsumaru; Sano, Yuji

doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2011.12.004

Cited by 143 publications

(143 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…In addition, the analyzed grains have Y contents of 611-1539 ppm, Hf contents of 10,534-13,211 ppm, U contents of 1531-4197 ppm, and Th contents of 78-109 ppm, with Lu/Hf ratios of 0.00653-0.01308 and Th/U ratios of 0.03-0.06 (Table S4). The distinctly high U and relatively low Th contents with unusually low Th/U ratios are common features of anatectic zircons (Liu et al, 2008(Liu et al, , 2010, which are very similar to those from granitic leucosomes within migmatites in the central Alps, DabieSulu UHP metamorphic belt, and Reynolds Range of central Australia Liu et al, 2010Liu et al, , 2012aImayama et al, 2012).…”

Section: Zircon From Granitic Leucosomes In Migmatites With Relict Ammentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Partial melting is a common geological phenomenon in highgrade metamorphic orogens (e.g., Clemens, 1990;Brown, 2001;Villaseca et al, 2001;Wu et al, 2007;Imayama et al, 2012). Direct dating of felsic veins formed by partial melting is therefore crucial for understanding the relationships among partial melting, metamorphic evolution and orogenic processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zircon readily (re-)crystallizes during melting and metamorphism, and the U-Pb system with its high-closure temperature is one of the most important geochronometers for constraining the timing of high-temperature metamorphism and multiple melting events in the crust (e.g. Foster et al, 2001;Keay et al, 2001;Harley et al, 2007;Buick et al, 2008;Imayama et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiple partial melting events in the Ailao Shan–Red River and Gaoligong Shan complex belts, SE Tibetan Plateau: Zircon U–Pb dating of granitic leucosomes within migmatites

Liu

Wang

Liu

et al. 2015

Journal of Asian Earth Sciences

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Section: Zircon From Granitic Leucosomes In Migmatites With Relict Ammentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiple partial melting events in the Ailao Shan–Red River and Gaoligong Shan complex belts, SE Tibetan Plateau: Zircon U–Pb dating of granitic leucosomes within migmatites

Liu

Wang

Liu

et al. 2015

Journal of Asian Earth Sciences

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“…Because the Tibetan Himalaya collided with Asia at or before approximately 50 Ma, and the deformation of the Lesser Himalaya is Miocene in age (43), 50-25 Ma convergence must have been accommodated structurally below (i.e., south of) the Tibetan, but above (i.e., north of) the Lesser Himalaya. As mentioned before, the total displacement along the Main Central thrust, as well as convergence accommodated within the Greater Himalaya, remains unknown due to severe Miocene deformation; however, well-dated prograde mineral growth and magmatism (21)(22)(23)44) in the Greater Himalaya shows evidence for burial and heating between 45 and 25 Ma. If Cretaceous extension opened a single Greater Indian Ocean separating a microcontinent from India (Fig.…”

Section: Subduction History and Mantle Tomographymentioning

confidence: 97%

Greater India Basin hypothesis and a two-stage Cenozoic collision between India and Asia

Hinsbergen

Lippert

Dupont‐Nivet

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

576

526

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Cenozoic convergence between the Indian and Asian plates produced the archetypical continental collision zone comprising the Himalaya mountain belt and the Tibetan Plateau. How and where India-Asia convergence was accommodated after collision at or before 52 Ma remains a long-standing controversy. Since 52 Ma, the two plates have converged up to 3,600 AE 35 km, yet the upper crustal shortening documented from the geological record of Asia and the Himalaya is up to approximately 2,350-km less. Here we show that the discrepancy between the convergence and the shortening can be explained by subduction of highly extended continental and oceanic Indian lithosphere within the Himalaya between approximately 50 and 25 Ma. Paleomagnetic data show that this extended continental and oceanic "Greater India" promontory resulted from 2,675 AE 700 km of North-South extension between 120 and 70 Ma, accommodated between the Tibetan Himalaya and cratonic India. We suggest that the approximately 50 Ma "India"-Asia collision was a collision of a Tibetan-Himalayan microcontinent with Asia, followed by subduction of the largely oceanic Greater India Basin along a subduction zone at the location of the Greater Himalaya. The "hard" India-Asia collision with thicker and contiguous Indian continental lithosphere occurred around 25-20 Ma. This hard collision is coincident with far-field deformation in central Asia and rapid exhumation of Greater Himalaya crystalline rocks, and may be linked to intensification of the Asian monsoon system. This two-stage collision between India and Asia is also reflected in the deep mantle remnants of subduction imaged with seismic tomography.continent-continent collision | mantle tomography | plate reconstructions | Cretaceous T he present geological boundary between India and Asia is marked by the Indus-Yarlung suture zone, which contains deformed remnants of the ancient Neotethys Ocean (1, 2) (Fig. 1). North of the Indus-Yarlung suture is the southernmost continental fragment of Asia, the Lhasa block. South of the suture lies the Himalaya, composed of (meta)sedimentary rocks that were scraped off now-subducted Indian continental crust and mantle lithosphere and thrust southward over India during collision. The highest structural unit of the Himalaya is overlain by fragments of oceanic lithosphere (ophiolites).We apply the common term Greater India to refer to the part of the Indian plate that has been subducted underneath Tibet since the onset of Cenozoic continental collision. A 52 Ma minimum age of collision between northernmost Greater India and the Lhasa block is constrained by 52 Ma sedimentary rocks in the northern, "Tibetan" Himalaya that include detritus from the Lhasa block (3). This collision age is consistent with independent paleomagnetic evidence for overlapping paleolatitudes for the Tibetan Himalaya and the Lhasa blocks at 48.6 AE 6.2 Ma ( Fig. 2; SI Text) as well as with an abrupt decrease in India-Asia convergence rates beginning at 55-50 Ma, as demonstrated by India-Asia plate circuits ...

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“…4a, 5a -MCT MCT Kohn et al, 2001;Imayama et al, 2010MCT -Harris et al, 2004Imayama et al, 2010Imayama et al, , 2012 Khaghn valley Nanga Parbat syntaxis Tso Morari Fig Pressure-temperature (P-T) diagram with equilibrium curves for fluid-saturated melting and mica dehydration reactions. The solid and dashed arrows represent the P-T paths from migmatites in the HHC in Sikkim, India (Harris et al, 2004) and in Eastern Nepal (Groppo et al, 2012) Aitchison et al, 2007;Zhang et al, 2012 15 11 Ma Najman et al, 2001, 2002Najman et al, 2002Bhainskati Sakai, 1983Matsumaru and Sakai, 1989 Dumri Dharamsala Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

Tectonics of the Himalayas

Sakai

Imayama

Yoshida

et al. 2017

Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan

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The Himalayan range was formed and uplifted in association with the southward migration of plate boundary thrusts that separate the Himalaya into four belts. Initially, during -Ma, the Tibetan marginal mountain range was uplifted after slab break-off of the Tethyan oceanic plate, which was subducted under the Asian continent to depths of up to km. During the second stage at ~ -Ma, the Mesoproterozoic sediments deposited on the northern passive margin of the Greater India were subducted and underwent moderate-pressure metamorphism at depths of ~ km. Subsequent to metamorphism, metamorphosed continental crust was separated from the underlying mantle by delamination, and its rapid exhumation and associated amphibolite facies metamorphism occurred during -Ma. Partially melted metamorphic rocks generated granitic melt that intruded both metamorphic rocks and Tibetan Tethys sediments during the Miocene. Exhumation of the metamorphic belt continued after its exposure at ~ Ma, forming an extensive metamorphic nappe covering the Lesser Himalayan sediments. After ceasing movement at -Ma, the Indian plate started to subduct along the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), which was newly formed in front of the southern margin of the metamorphic nappe. At the same time, the nappe and weakly metamorphosed underlying Lesser Himalayan sediments started to cool laterally from the southern front to the root zone at a rate of ~ km/Myr. At -. Ma, the plate boundary fault shifted to the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) to the south of the MBT, causing rapid uplift of the marginal range of the Lesser Himalaya and the Siwalik Hills. Today, the Indian Plate is converging with the Asian Continent at the rate of mm/yr, and half of this convergence is consumed by uplift of the Siwalik Hills along the MFT.

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Two-stage partial melting and contrasting cooling history within the Higher Himalayan Crystalline Sequence in the far-eastern Nepal Himalaya

Cited by 143 publications

References 76 publications

Multiple partial melting events in the Ailao Shan–Red River and Gaoligong Shan complex belts, SE Tibetan Plateau: Zircon U–Pb dating of granitic leucosomes within migmatites

Multiple partial melting events in the Ailao Shan–Red River and Gaoligong Shan complex belts, SE Tibetan Plateau: Zircon U–Pb dating of granitic leucosomes within migmatites

Greater India Basin hypothesis and a two-stage Cenozoic collision between India and Asia

Tectonics of the Himalayas

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