Two-stage model predictive control for a hydrogen-based storage system paired to a wind farm towards green hydrogen production for fuel cell electric vehicles

A Coordinated Optimal Operation of a Grid-Connected Wind-Solar Microgrid Incorporating Hybrid Energy Storage Management Systems

“…The so-called microgrids, given by the combination of RESs with ESSs, require the deployment of control strategies that take into account equipment limitations, degradation, and costs. This research study focuses on providing control solutions based on the model predictive control (MPC) framework [6], in which the devices are modeled by using the mixed logical dynamical (MLD) formulation [7], [8]. Several strategies have been proposed in the literature for the management of HESSs and BESSs integrated with RESs.…”

“…The authors in [23] have developed a hybrid RES paired with combined ESSs (BESS and HESS) in order to track the requested load of a typical residential house in Dhahran city, KSA, and to produce hydrogen as a fuel for hydrogen vehicles. In [7], a strategy controls a grid-connected wind farm including a HESS, which both meets electric and contractual loads and produces hydrogen as a fuel for FCEVs. Similar to this research study, the latter uses MPC with MLD for devices' models and minimizes the devices' operating costs; however, in [7], a wind-microgrid integrated only with a HESS has been considered, and virtual states have been taken into account in the devices' models by increasing the number of Boolean variables and, consequently, their complexity.…”

“…In [7], a strategy controls a grid-connected wind farm including a HESS, which both meets electric and contractual loads and produces hydrogen as a fuel for FCEVs. Similar to this research study, the latter uses MPC with MLD for devices' models and minimizes the devices' operating costs; however, in [7], a wind-microgrid integrated only with a HESS has been considered, and virtual states have been taken into account in the devices' models by increasing the number of Boolean variables and, consequently, their complexity. Apart from the latter, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the literature seems to not address exactly the combination of different features, as in this paper.…”

Development of Monte‐Carlo‐based stochastic scenarios to improve uncertainty modelling for optimal energy management of a renewable energy hub

“…Hydrogen can be considered one of the mother energy carriers that has many advantages and applications in industry and daily life. According to this, in [11] for a wind farm (WF) paired with a hydrogen storage system, a predictive control model has been proposed. In this research, due to the uncertainty of wind production, hydrogen storage systems have been used that not only reduce uncertainty but also provide the hydrogen fuel needed by vehicles.…”

“…The results of the optimization problem with the objective function of loss energy minimization have shown that the presented model provides optimal responses. In [13] and [14], similar to [11], a predictive controller model has been proposed for the optimal operation of grid-connected WFs despite hydrogen and battery-based storage as well as local loads. In the model, battery operation and economic costs, local load, and participation in the electricity market are considered.…”