Two Separate Introductions of Asian Citrus Psyllid Populations Found in the American Continents

Abstract

A phylogeographic analysis inferred from the partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (433 bp) was performed with 22 populations of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama collected in the Americas and one in the Pacific. Eight populations from four countries in South America, 14 from four countries in North America, and one from Hawaii were analyzed. Twenty-three haplotypes (hp) were identified and they fell into two groups: hp1–8 were identified in South America (group 1) and hp9–23 were identified in North America and Hawaii (group 2). Hp1 and nine were present in the highest frequencies within each population and within their group, 81 and 85% for group 1 and group 2, respectively. A diagnostic nucleotide at position 48 was identified that allowed for the discrimination of the two groups; in addition, no haplotypes were shared between the two groups. An analysis of molecular variance uncovered significant genetic structure (φCT = 0.733; P < 0.001) between the two groups of the Americas. Two haplotype networks (ParsimonySplits and Statistical Parsimony) discriminated the two groups and both networks identified hp1 and nine as the predicted ancestral or founding haplotypes within their respective group. The data suggest that two separate introductions or founding events of D. citri occurred in the Americas, one in South America and one in North America. Furthermore, North America and Hawaii appear to share a similar source of invasion. These data may be important to the development of biological control programs against D. citri in the Americas.

Genetic variation and potential coinfection of Wolbachia among widespread Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) populations

“…Examination of mtCOI sequences revealed geographic patterns of D. citri and w Di populations that are in agreement with those of other studies. Comparison among mtCOI genes suggests two separate introductions of D. citri into the Americas, one in North America and the other in South America (de León et al ., ), while our data showed that the mtCOI sequences in these two areas are relatively different. The difference between mtCOI sequences from North America and Southeast Asia identified in our study was also concordant with patterns shown in other studies (Lashkari et al ., ).…”

Phylogeography of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and its primary endosymbiont, ‘Candidatus Carsonella ruddii’: an evolutionary approach to host–endosymbiont interaction

“…Because of their relatively rapid rates of molecular evolution compared with nuclear loci, mitochondrial loci are often used to evaluate geographic variation in introduced species and to trace their movement and origins . The biodiversity of D. citri has been assessed in several regions using mitochondrial COI markers . Analyses of host mtDNA indicated a phylogeographical genetic break on the eastern Indian subcontinent and northwestern Indo‐Burma, forming the Western, Central and Eastern lineages, which correspond to geographically restricted P‐endosymbiont haplogroups.…”

“…Diaphorina citri is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical Asian countries, and is now also found in South, Central and North America, and East Africa . The biodiversity within D. citri from several regions has been identified through sequencing the mitochondrial COI gene, and using markers in the D. citri endosymbiont, Wolbachia wDi . Previous attempts to characterize biodiversity within accessions of D. citri across East and Southeast Asia used COI , but this marker does not explicitly incorporate geographic information .…”

Occurrence and genetic diversity of new populations of Halyomorpha halys in Europe

“…DNA sequence data for the mitochondrial genes has been used to trace the origins and spread of a number of introduced insect pests ( Grapputo et al 2005;Corin et al 2007;Barr 2009;deLeón et al 2011;Auger-Rozenberg et al 2012), including H. halys Xu et al 2014;Cesari et al 2015). Previous genetic studies on H. halys from Asia and the USA have used the Cytochrome Oxidase II (COII) gene, coupled with the Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene to narrow down the source region of the invasive US population (Xu et al 2014).…”