Two Scenarios for Landfills Design in Special Conditions Using the HELP Model: A Case Study in Babylon Governorate, Iraq

Abstract

Abstract:The sound design of landfills is essential in order to protect human health and the environment (air, water, and soil). The study area, Babylon Governorate, is situated in the middle of Iraq, and is distinguished by a hot climate and shallow groundwater. The governorate did not have landfill sites that meet international criteria; in addition, the groundwater depth in Babylon Governorate is commonly shallow. Previously, the most important criteria for the study area and GIS software were used to select the best sites for locating landfills in the major cities of the governorate. In this study, the Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP 3.95D) model was applied in order to ensure that there was no leakage of the leachate that results from the waste in the selected landfill sites. It is the most commonly utilized model for landfill design, and it is used to estimate water inflow through the soil layers. For the present study, to avoid groundwater pollution by leachate from a landfill site due to the shallow groundwater depth, compacted waste was placed on the surface using two height scenarios (2 m and 4 m). This design was developed using the soil properties of the selected sites coupled with the weather parameters in Babylon Governorate (precipitation, temperature, solar, and evapotranspiration) for a 12-year period covering 2005 to 2016. The results from both of the suggested landfill designs showed an absence of leachate from the bottom liner.

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“…The area of each zone is divided into number of cells to receive the waste quantity (for one month) based on the supposed lifespan for one zone ( Fig. 4) [16]. Eq.…”

“…In addition, the amount of runoff and actual evapotranspiration that result from rainfall was estimated when the suggested layers were used for the final cover system of landfill [12][13][14]. In the literature reviews, several previous studies used the different versions of the HELP model to estimate the leachate within the landfill sites (e.g., [4,[15][16][17][18][19]).…”

Integrated Assessment of Groundwater Pollution from the Landfill of Sewage Sludge

“…Precipitation plays an important role [Dregulo 2019], which increases the humidity of sewage precipitation. In this case, unstable compounds dissociate to form the cation-anion complexes capable of a long migration path [Chabuk et al 2018; Abd El-Salam and I Abu-Zuid 2015; Naveen et al 2018; Luczkiewicz 2006].…”

An Optimisation Model to Consider the NIMBY Syndrome within the Landfill Siting Problem

“…Sumathi et al [25] proposed GIS-based procedures that combined the use of GIS with a multicriteria analysis, Zamorano et al [26] applied the procedure to a case study in Southern Spain and Simsek et al [10] explicitly considered NIMBY syndrome constraints. Other case studies can be found in [27][28][29][30][31].…”