In 3.2 of Titus Andronicus, Titus describes to Marcus the difficulties that he and Lavinia face in expressing their sorrows: 'Thy niece and I, poor creatures, want our hands / And cannot passionate our tenfold grief / With folded arms ' (3.2.5-7). This moment addresses some of the central concerns of the play: how do you communicate extreme grief, and make others understand or feel your pain? What is the relationship between the experience of emotions (Titus's 'tenfold grief') and the words and gestures ('folded arms') that might be used to express them? 1 Shakespeare's use of the word passionate also raises some larger methodological questions for critics interested in the history of emotion. The primary meaning of the word in this period was 'susceptible to or readily swayed by passions or emotions; easily moved to strong feeling; of changeable mood, volatile' (OED, 1; first cited usage 1425). Shakespeare uses the word in a narrower sense to describe characters affected by anger ('I am amazèd at your passionate words' (Dream 3.2.221)), sadness ('She is sad and passionate at your highness' tent' (King John 2.1.545)), and love ('Warble, child; make passionate my sense of hearing' (Love's Labour's Lost 3.1.1)). By the 1580s the word could also mean 'Inclined to pity, compassionate' (OED, 5c). This latter usage occurs in Richard III, when one of Clarence's murderers has second thoughts about his grim assignment: 'Nay, An earlier version of this essay was prepared for Katharine A. Craik's seminar on 'Passionate Shakespeare' at the International Shakespeare Conference at Stratford-upon-Avon in 2012. I am grateful to Katharine Craik and the participants in the seminar for their comments and encouragement. Thanks also to Erin Sullivan and, as ever, Jane Rickard for their comments on earlier drafts.1 Quotations from Titus Andronicus are taken from Jonathan Bate's Arden 3 edition (London, 1995). On folded arms as a signifier of sad or melancholy thought see, for example, William Carroll's Arden 3 edition of The Two Gentlemen of Verona (London, 2004), note to 2.1.18.