Two Related Biosynthetic Pathways of Mugineic Acids in Gramineous Plants

Feng, Jian; Nomoto, Kyosuke

doi:10.1104/pp.102.2.373

Cited by 61 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The biosynthetic pathway for MAs in graminaceous plants has been elucidated (8,(11)(12)(13)(14). Methionine, the precursor of MAs (11), is converted to 2Ј-deoxymugineic acid (DMA) via several enzymatic reactions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Rice OsYSL15 Is an Iron-regulated Iron(III)-Deoxymugineic Acid Transporter Expressed in the Roots and Is Essential for Iron Uptake in Early Growth of the Seedlings

Inoue

Kobayashi

Nozoye

et al. 2009

Journal of Biological Chemistry

467

433

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Graminaceous plants take up iron through YS1 (yellow stripe 1) and YS1-like (YSL) transporters using iron-chelating compounds known as mugineic acid family phytosiderophores. We examined the expression of 18 rice (Oryza sativa L.) YSL genes (OsYSL1-18) in the epidermis/exodermis, cortex, and stele of rice roots. Expression of OsYSL15 in root epidermis and stele was induced by iron deficiency and showed daily fluctuation. OsYSL15 restored a yeast mutant defective in iron uptake when supplied with iron(III)-deoxymugineic acid and transported iron(III)-deoxymugineic acid in Xenopus laevisoocytes. An OsYSL15-green fluorescent protein fusion was localized to the plasma membrane when transiently expressed in onion epidermal cells. OsYSL15 promoter-␤-glucuronidase analysis revealed that OsYSL15 expression in roots was dominant in the epidermis/exodermis and phloem cells under conditions of iron deficiency and was detected only in phloem under iron sufficiency. These results strongly suggest that OsYSL15 is the dominant iron(III)-deoxymugineic acid transporter responsible for iron uptake from the rhizosphere and is also responsible for phloem transport of iron. OsYSL15 was also expressed in flowers, developing seeds, and in the embryonic scutellar epithelial cells during seed germination. OsYSL15 knockdown seedlings showed severe arrest in germination and early growth and were rescued by high iron supply. These results demonstrate that rice OsYSL15 plays a crucial role in iron homeostasis during the early stages of growth.

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confidence: 99%

Rice OsYSL15 Is an Iron-regulated Iron(III)-Deoxymugineic Acid Transporter Expressed in the Roots and Is Essential for Iron Uptake in Early Growth of the Seedlings

Inoue

Kobayashi

Nozoye

et al. 2009

Journal of Biological Chemistry

467

433

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“…Graminaceous plants can synthesize and secrete mugineic acid (MA) family phytosiderophores from their roots to chelate Fe(III) in the soil. The biosynthetic pathway of MA has been studied intensively (Mori and Nishizawa, 1987;Shojima et al, 1989Shojima et al, , 1990Ma and Nomoto, 1993). MA is synthesized from L-Met through nicotianamine (NA).…”

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Mutation in Nicotianamine Aminotransferase Stimulated the Fe(II) Acquisition System and Led to Iron Accumulation in Rice

et al. 2007

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Higher plants acquire iron (Fe) from the rhizosphere through two strategies. Strategy II, employed by graminaceous plants, involves secretion of phytosiderophores (e.g. deoxymugineic acid in rice [Oryza sativa]) by roots to solubilize Fe(III) in soil. In addition to taking up Fe in the form of Fe(III)-phytosiderophore, rice also possesses the strategy I-like system that may absorb Fe(II) directly. Through mutant screening, we isolated a rice mutant that could not grow with Fe(III)-citrate as the sole Fe source, but was able to grow when Fe(II)-EDTA was supplied. Surprisingly, the mutant accumulated more Fe and other divalent metals in roots and shoots than the wild type when both were supplied with EDTA-Fe(II) or grown under water-logged field conditions. Furthermore, the mutant had a significantly higher concentration of Fe in both unpolished and polished grains than the wild type. Using the map-based cloning method, we identified a point mutation in a gene encoding nicotianamine aminotransferase (NAAT1), which was responsible for the mutant phenotype. Because of the loss of function of NAAT1, the mutant failed to produce deoxymugineic acid and could not absorb Fe(III) efficiently. In contrast, nicotianamine, the substrate for NAAT1, accumulated markedly in roots and shoots of the mutant. Microarray analysis showed that the expression of a number of the genes involved in Fe(II) acquisition was greatly stimulated in the naat1 mutant. Our results demonstrate that disruption of deoxymugineic acid biosynthesis can stimulate Fe(II) acquisition and increase iron accumulation in rice.

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“…This Fe-acquisition mechanism in graminaceous plants is called strategy II and in nongraminaceous plants it is called strategy I (Takagi et al, 1984;Marschner et al, 1986). The pathway of the biosynthesis of mugineic acid family phytosiderophores has been established Nishizawa, 1987, 1989;Shojima et al, 1989Shojima et al, , 1990Mori et al, 1990;Ma and Nomoto, 1993). Among the enzymes involved in this biosynthetic pathway, Higuchi et al (1994Higuchi et al ( , 1996 purified nicotianamine synthase and Kanazawa et al (1994) purified nicotianamine aminotransferase.…”

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Formate Dehydrogenase, an Enzyme of Anaerobic Metabolism, Is Induced by Iron Deficiency in Barley Roots1

et al. 1998

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To identify the proteins induced by Fe deficiency, we have compared the proteins of Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) roots by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Peptide sequence analysis of induced proteins revealed that formate dehydrogenase (FDH), adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, and the Ids3 gene product (for Fe deficiency-specific) increased in Fe-deficient roots. FDH enzyme activity was detected in Fe-deficient roots but not in Fe-sufficient roots. A cDNA encoding FDH (Fdh) was cloned and sequenced. Fdh expression was induced by Fe deficiency. Fdh was also expressed under anaerobic stress and its expression was more rapid than that induced by Fe deficiency. Thus, the expression of Fdh observed in Fe-deficient barley roots appeared to be a secondary effect caused by oxygen deficiency in Fe-deficient plants.In Fe-deficient calcareous soils graminaceous plants secrete mugineic acid family phytosiderophores, which are natural Fe chelators, from the roots (Takagi, 1976) to solubilize Fe required for plant growth. This Fe-acquisition mechanism in graminaceous plants is called strategy II and in nongraminaceous plants it is called strategy I (Takagi et al., 1984;Marschner et al., 1986). The pathway of the biosynthesis of mugineic acid family phytosiderophores has been established Nishizawa, 1987, 1989;Shojima et al., 1989Shojima et al., , 1990Mori et al., 1990;Ma and Nomoto, 1993). Among the enzymes involved in this biosynthetic pathway, Higuchi et al. (1994Higuchi et al. ( , 1996 purified nicotianamine synthase and Kanazawa et al. (1994) purified nicotianamine aminotransferase. Comparison of 2D profiles of proteins in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) roots under Fesufficient and Fe-deficient conditions (Suzuki et al., 1995(Suzuki et al., , 1997 allowed us to identify a 36-kD protein that was specifically induced by Fe deficiency. In addition, several genes related to the Fe-deficiency response have been reported: Ids1 (Okumura et al., 1991), Ids2 (Okumura et al., 1994), and Ids3 (Nakanishi et al., 1993. In this study, we characterized several other proteins induced by Fedeficiency stress in barley roots, one of which was identified as FDH. FDH was induced not only by Fe deficiency but also by anaerobic stress. The relationship between Fe deficiency and anaerobic stress in barley roots is discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant Material and Growth ConditionsSeeds of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Ehimehadaka no. 1) were germinated at room temperature on paper towels soaked with distilled water. Plants were transferred 4 d after germination to a plastic net floating on tap water at pH 5.5 in a greenhouse under natural light. On d 10, plants were transferred to a continuously aerated nutrient solution of the following composition: 0.7 mm K 2 SO 4 , 0.1 mm KCl, 0.1 mm KH 2 PO 4 , 2.0 mm Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , 0.5 mm MgSO 4 , 10 m H 3 BO 3 , 0.5 m MnSO 4 , 0.2 m CuSO 4 , 0.5 m ZnSO 4 , 0.01 m (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 , and 0.1 mm Fe-EDTA. The pH of the culture solution was adjusted to 5.5 da...

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Two Related Biosynthetic Pathways of Mugineic Acids in Gramineous Plants

Cited by 61 publications

References 6 publications

Rice OsYSL15 Is an Iron-regulated Iron(III)-Deoxymugineic Acid Transporter Expressed in the Roots and Is Essential for Iron Uptake in Early Growth of the Seedlings

Rice OsYSL15 Is an Iron-regulated Iron(III)-Deoxymugineic Acid Transporter Expressed in the Roots and Is Essential for Iron Uptake in Early Growth of the Seedlings

Mutation in Nicotianamine Aminotransferase Stimulated the Fe(II) Acquisition System and Led to Iron Accumulation in Rice

Formate Dehydrogenase, an Enzyme of Anaerobic Metabolism, Is Induced by Iron Deficiency in Barley Roots1

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