“…[4] Compounds incorporating symmetrical biaryl moieties also find applications as conductors for thin film transistor applications (e.g., 2,2'-bidithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]thiophene), [5] as electronic and optoelectronic materials (e.g., indenofluorenes), [6] as chiral ligands in catalysis (e.g., BINAP) [7] and in chiral or achiral liquid crystals (e.g., paracyclophanes). [8] The biaryl subunit also constitutes an important structural motif in several pharmaceuticals (e.g., in the laxative agent 4,4'-biphenol), [9] and in agrochemicals (e.g., in the non-selective broadspectrum herbicide paraquat).…”