Two-regime kinetic study and parameter optimization of degradation of 3,4-dichloroaniline using TI–N/S catalyst under visible light

State of the art of the environmental behaviour and removal techniques of the endocrine disruptor 3,4-dichloroaniline

“…The kinetic plot suggested bi-phasic kinetics, with a sharp increase in rate after 45 minutes; further bench scale reactor experiments showed 85% degradation in 106 minutes [11] and Figure 2 shows the intermediate species formed. confirmed by HPLC and GC-MS analysis [11] Biphasic kinetics were also observed in the photocatalytic degradation of 3,4-DCA using Ti-N and Ti-S catalysts; [28] the former showing a higher surface area, and lower particle size and band-gap energy. Higher specific surface area increases the degree of contact of the pollutant with the catalyst surface, while smaller particle size means a reduced degradation time, due to shorter distances between the charge carrier and the surface, where the reaction occurs.…”

“…[5] Although there is no exposure risk for vulnerable groups from direct use of 3,4-DCA, indirect contact is expected via food, primarily fruit and vegetables, [5] as a result of the hydrolysis and biological degradation of phenylurea, phenylcarbamates and acylchloroanilide pesticides present in soils, [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] by field waters and plant enzymes. [28] Furthermore, industrial wastewater [11] may contain 3,4-DCA, mainly from microbial conversion of 3,4-dichloro-1-nitrobenzol within water treatment plants. [5,28] In this manuscript, we summarize the current knowledge concerning the introduction, movement, and fate of 3,4-DCA in the environment.…”

“…[28] Furthermore, industrial wastewater [11] may contain 3,4-DCA, mainly from microbial conversion of 3,4-dichloro-1-nitrobenzol within water treatment plants. [5,28] In this manuscript, we summarize the current knowledge concerning the introduction, movement, and fate of 3,4-DCA in the environment. We discuss the state-of-the-art remediation technologies currently in use, as well as those under development, with reference to their effectiveness for pollutant removal from soil and water systems.…”