Two‐Photon Polymerization Lithography for Optics and Photonics: Fundamentals, Materials, Technologies, and Applications

Abstract

The rapid development of additive manufacturing has fueled a revolution in various research fields and industrial applications. Among the myriad of advanced three-dimensional printing techniques, two-photon polymerization lithography (TPL) uniquely offers a significant electron microscope (SEM) images of SMP structures before and after programming and after recovery, respectively. Reproduced under terms of the CC-BY license. [114] Copyright 2021, The Authors, published by Nature Publishing Group. b) Stiff SMPs for high-resolution reversible nanophotonics. I-II) The deformed and recovered nanopillars under optical microscope and SEM, respectively. Reproduced with permission. [115] Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. c) Vapor-responsive photonic arrays. I-IV) Optical image of a grid array in air, in water vapors ~ 20 s, saturation with water vapors ~ 88s, and after the gas flow stopped, respectively.Reproduced under terms of the CC-BY license. [116] Copyright 2021, The Authors, published by Royal Society of Chemistry. d) SEM image of a 40-layer face-cantered-cubic photonic structure printed by SU-8. Reproduced with permission. [117] Copyright 2004, Nature Publishing Group. e) SEM image of helices with an axial pitch of 800 nm and a radius of 800 nm fabricated by the two-step absorption photoresist. Reproduced with permission. [118]

Fabrication of Glass‐Ceramic 3D Micro‐Optics by Combining Laser Lithography and Calcination

“…This makes them ideal for use in optical sensing applications which has been continuously advancing field frequently utilizing MPL as a fast complex geometry prototyping tool. [128] Currently demonstrated metrology systems made using MPL, for example Kim et al novel surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy micro sized system [129] or integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer developed by Qi et al [130] could be adapted for multi-element micro scale metrology systems working in so far inaccessible high/low temperature or aggressive chemical environments. Increase of interest in ultrashort (pico/femto-second) pulse laser systems demands for micro-optical components that can handle high peak powers and fluences.…”

Upgrading the Toolbox: Two‐Photon Absorption Induced Cleavage of Coumarin Dimers for Light‐Based 4D Printing

“…[ 16,17,27–29 ] This is in particular true after further miniaturization, which is reachable with more complex laser‐based polymerization and illumination techniques. [ 30,31 ] The upcoming challenge is the realization of the physical modifications of printed objects by the approach here presented. Moreover, other applications of coumarin‐based materials may be realized, for example selective (de)crosslinking or phase‐morphing behavior by varying the polymer architecture and applying the TPA principle.…”

One Pot Photomediated Formation of Electrically Conductive Hydrogels

“…Higher resolution (down to submicrons) could be obtained by two-photon stereolithography. 63 We expect that stereolithography using a digital mirror device (DMD) 64 and this ink formulation would enable the 3D printing of conductive hydrogels, which will be explored in future publications.…”