Two-Photon Lithography of 3D Nanocomposite Piezoelectric Scaffolds for Cell Stimulation

Marino, Attilio; Barsotti, Jonathan; Vito, Giuseppe de; Filippeschi, Carlo; Mazzolai, Barbara; Piazza, Vincenzo; Labardi, M.; Mattoli, Virgilio; Ciofani, Gianni

doi:10.1021/acsami.5b08764

Cited by 121 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…With the ability of generating electric potential upon mechanical stress, piezoelectric materials can perform different tasks in histological applications such as cells stimulation and differentiation . Marino et al realized 3D structures bioinspired to the shape of bone trabeculae via 2PP employing OrmoComp resist containing 10% piezoelectric barium titanate NPs (BTNPs) and demonstrated the possibility of osteogenic differentiation of SaOS‐2 osteoblast‐like cells under ultrasonic stimulation ( Figure a–e) . Piezoelectricity of the composite was assessed through piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM), confirming that material is characterized by a piezoelectric coefficient d 33 about one order of magnitude higher compared to that of the plain Ormocomp without barium titanate NPs.…”

Section: Nanocompositesmentioning

confidence: 79%

Functional Materials for Two‐Photon Polymerization in Microfabrication

Carlotti

Mattoli

2019

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The creation of 3D micro and nanostructures is of particular interest in the fields of photonics, [3] microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), [4] metamaterials, [5] micro/ nanofluidics, [6] cellular proliferation, and differentiation. [7] To create 3D objects of arbitrary shape, 3D printing techniques offer many versatile solutions. [8] Among these, direct laser writing (DLW) allows for the simple preparation of (sub)micrometric objects and patterns with a resolution that can go below 100 nm. [9][10][11] DLW is an additive manufacturing technique based on twophoton polymerization (2PP). To produce a structure, a fs-pulsed long-wavelength laser is focused, by means of optical elements, in a photosensitive resin which is able to crosslink (negative photoresist) or decompose (positive photoresist) under an energetic radiation but that is also transparent at the laser wavelength: if the intensity of the excitation radiation is high enough-as it is the case in the focus-the resin can undergo two (or more)-photon absorption and polymerize (or decompose). [12] Such multiphotons absorption phenomena are nonlinear and the cross-section of the different materials scales with the square (or higher) of the intensity of the radiation. For these reasons, the laser beam can enter the photoresist without being absorbed and trigger the photochemical process(es) only in a small volume around the focus. This volume is named "voxel" being the 3D analogue of a 2D pixel. [13] The absorption probability outside of the voxel is small, thus suppressing the propagation of the reaction and resulting in fine resolution. By moving around the voxel, one can obtain complex 3D structures that can be isolated after developing. [14,15] More than two decades have passed since DLW was proposed [16] and much progress has been made in terms of improving feature size and resolution, [9,[17][18][19][20][21] enlarging the library of materials that can be used, [22][23][24][25] and the possible applications of these finely controlled structures. [6,[25][26][27][28] The research on functional materials-here intended as materials that can be employed in 2PP and show peculiar features that encourage their use in particular applications-has propelled the field of micro/nanostructuring forward by promoting the interdisciplinarity between chemistry, physics, biology, and material science. [26] In this review, we will summarize and critically discuss the different functional materials proposed in the literature, dividing them and confronting them according to their preparation and their application (Figure 1; Table 1). We start the main body discussing the properties and applications of nanocomposite resists used in 2PP. In the second part, Direct laser writing methods based on two-photon polymerization (2PP) are powerful tools for the on-demand printing of precise and complex 3D architectures at the micro and nanometer scale. While much progress was made to increase the resolution and the feature size throughout the years, by carefully designing a material, one...

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Section: Nanocompositesmentioning

confidence: 79%

Functional Materials for Two‐Photon Polymerization in Microfabrication

Carlotti

Mattoli

2019

Small

Self Cite

162

126

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“…Marino et al . have functionalized commercially available Ormocomp® photopolymer with barium titanate nanoparticles, endowing it with piezoelectric properties . Ovsianikov et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15 Marino et al have functionalized commercially available Ormocomp ® photopolymer with barium titanate nanoparticles, endowing it with piezoelectric properties. 16 Ovsianikov et al have demonstrated the possibility of encapsulating living cells inside photopolymerizable materials and keeping them viable after structure formation. 17 The chemical, mechanical and topographical properties of materials can influence cellular processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D printing hybrid organometallic polymer‐based biomaterials via laser two‐photon polymerization

Balčiūnas

Baldock

Dreižė

et al. 2019

Polymer International

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Materials with microscale structures are gaining increasing interest due to their range of technical and medical applications. Additive manufacturing approaches to such objects via laser two‐photon polymerization, also known as multiphoton fabrication, enable the creation of new materials with diverse and tunable properties. Here, we investigate the properties of 3D structures composed of organometallic polymers incorporating aluminium, titanium, vanadium and zirconium. The organometallic polymer‐based materials were analysed using a variety of techniques including SEM, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and contact angle measurements and their biocompatibility was tested in vitro. Cell viability and mode of death were determined by 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. Polymers incorporating Al, Ti and Zr supported cell adhesion and proliferation, and showed low toxicity in vitro, whereas the organometallic polymer incorporating V was shown to be cytotoxic. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry suggested that leaching of the V from the organometallic polymer is the likely cause of this. The preparation of the organometallic polymers is straightforward and both simple 2D and complex 3D structures can be fabricated with ease. Resolution tests of the newly developed organometallic polymer incorporating Al show that suspended lines with widths down to 200 nm can be fabricated. We believe that the materials described in this work show promising properties for the development of objects with sub‐micron features for biomedical applications (e.g. biosensors, drug delivery devices, tissue scaffolds etc.). © 2019 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

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“…A possible excitation mechanism can be envisioned by doping the materials with piezoelectric nanoparticles [36] or carbon nanotubes [37] to allow for electrical or optical [38] excitation. As the pore size in the designed lattice materials corresponds to a typical biological cell size (10-100 μm), our metamaterial microlattices can find applications in technologies for cell-based assays, cell surgery, and cellular-scale microbalances.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microlattice Metamaterials for Tailoring Ultrasonic Transmission with Elastoacoustic Hybridization

Krödel¹,

Daraio²

2016

Phys. Rev. Applied

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Materials with designed microscale architectures, like microlattices, can achieve extreme mechanical properties. Most studies of microlattices focus on their quasistatic response, but their structural dimensions naturally prime them for ultrasonic applications. Here we report that microlattices constitute a class of acoustic metamaterials that exploit elastoacoustic hybridization to tailor ultrasonic wave propagation. Selecting the microlattice geometry allows the formation of hybridization band gaps that effectively attenuate (by >2 orders of magnitude) acoustic signals. The hybridization gaps stem from the interaction of pressure waves in a surrounding medium (e.g., water) with localized bending modes of the trusses in the microlattice. Outside these band gaps, the microlattices are highly transmissive (>80%) because their acoustic impedance is close to that of water. Our work can have important implications in the design of acoustic metamaterial applications in biomedical imaging, cell-based assay technology, and acoustic isolators in microelectromechanical systems.

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Two-Photon Lithography of 3D Nanocomposite Piezoelectric Scaffolds for Cell Stimulation

Cited by 121 publications

References 30 publications

Functional Materials for Two‐Photon Polymerization in Microfabrication

Functional Materials for Two‐Photon Polymerization in Microfabrication

3D printing hybrid organometallic polymer‐based biomaterials via laser two‐photon polymerization

Microlattice Metamaterials for Tailoring Ultrasonic Transmission with Elastoacoustic Hybridization

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