Two-Phase Volumetric Expanders: A Review of the State-of-the-Art

Abstract

Two-phase expansion is the process where a fluid undergoes a pressure drop through or in the liquid–vapor dome. This operation was historically avoided. However, currently it is studied for a multitude of processes. Due to the volume increase in volumetric expanders, a pressure drop occurs in the fluid resulting in flashing phenomena occurring. These phenomena have been studied before in other processes such as two-phase flows or static flash. However, this has not been extensively studied in volumetric expanders and is mostly neglected. Even if data has shown this is not always neglectable depending on the expander type. The thermal non-equilibrium occurring can be modeled on different principles of flashing flows, such as the mixture model, boiling delay model, and homogeneous relaxation model. The main application area in current literature for volumetric two-phase expansion machines, is in low-temperature two-phase heat-to-power cycles. These cycles have shown benefit over classic options if expanders are available with efficiencies in the range of at least 75%. Experimental investigation of expanders in two-phase operation, though lacking in quantity, has shown that this is an achievable goal. However, the know-how to accomplish this requires more studies, both experimentally and in modeling techniques for the different phenomena occurring within these expanders. The present work provides a brief but comprehensive overview of the available experimental data, applicable flashing modeling techniques, and available models of volumetric two-phase expanders.

Heat Transfer and Heat Recovery Systems

“…However, modeling and understanding the phenomena in volumetric two-phase expanders are still limited. This topic was reviewed by van Heule et al [6]. While screw expanders can be modeled using the homogeneous equilibrium model, reciprocating expanders require further investigation.…”

Design, Integration, and Control of Organic Rankine Cycles with Thermal Energy Storage and Two-Phase Expansion System Utilizing Intermittent and Fluctuating Heat Sources—A Review

“…In addition, it could be combined with TES as illustrated in Figure 1. Only a few types of volumetric expanders may be suitable for two-phase conditions [10][11][12]. Therefore, conducting experimental studies and demonstration projects is vital to validate both analytical and numerical models to provide fresh data and knowledge.…”

“…However, occasionally, a heat source fluctuation might result in unsuccessful evaporation, which would allow the working fluid to enter the expander in a two-phase state, leading to possible erosion damage (assuming a turbomachinery expander is applied in the system). However, volumetric expanders might be used to handle this problem [10][11][12]]. An ORC system employing two-phase expansion might be a solution to this challenge.…”