“…The technique includes smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH), the material point method (MPM), the particle finite-element method (PFEM), the finiteelement method with Lagrangian integration points (FEMLIP), and the element-free Galerkin (EFG) method. In particular, many researchers have applied the material point method for the simulation of rainfall-induced landslides in recent decades (Yerro et al, 2015;Bandara et al, 2016;Soga et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2018;Lee et al, 2019a;Lee et al, 2019b;Ceccato et al, 2019;Cuomo et al, 2019;Lei et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2020;Martinelli et al, 2020;Liu and Wang, 2021;Nguyen et al, 2021).…”