Two outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis associated with cattle spring pasture events

Alsmark, Cecilia; Nolskog, Peter; Angervall, Anna Lindqvist; Toepfer, Michael; Winiecka-Krusnell, Jadwiga; Bouwmeester, Johanna; Bjelkmar, Pär; Troell, Karin; Lahti, Elina; Beser, Jessica

doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.09.003

Cited by 13 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Furthermore, agritourism is expanding in the country, and some farms offer hands-on experiences with livestock, such as milking cows or herding cattle (90). It should be noted that human outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis with proven bovine-to-human C. parvum transmission have been documented in recreational spring pasture events in Sweden (8).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sources of Cryptosporidium infection to humans include contaminated surface water (lakes, rivers), municipal drinking water (as oocysts are largely resistant to chlorination), recreational water (swimming pools, water playgrounds), food, and infected livestock (4)(5)(6). Of the numerous outbreaks of human cryptosporidiosis reported annually worldwide (7), many have been linked to cattle as sources of C. parvum infection (5,8,9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, genetic analysis of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene allows for Cryptosporidium species identification and analysis of the glycoprotein 60 (gp60) locus allows not only for C. parvum species confirmation, but also for further identification to the family and subtype levels (12). This molecular approach has been used in epidemiologic studies to assess geographic segregation and interspecies transmission (8,9), which have led to a better understanding of cryptosporidiosis in animals and humans. For instance, evidence indicates that most infections in young calves are caused by C. parvum, primarily from the IIa family, which is known to contain the most frequently zoonotic subtype worldwide IIaA15G2R1 (13)(14)(15), regarded as a hyper-transmissible subtype (13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dairy Calves in Uruguay Are Reservoirs of Zoonotic Subtypes of Cryptosporidium parvum and Pose a Potential Risk of Surface Water Contamination

et al. 2020

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dairy Calves in Uruguay Are Reservoirs of Zoonotic Subtypes of Cryptosporidium parvum and Pose a Potential Risk of Surface Water Contamination

et al. 2020

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“…In the US, contact with infected cattle is the second cause of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks, responsible for 15% outbreaks for the period 2009-2017 (Gharpure et al, 2019). Several outbreaks have also been reported in Europe (Lange et al, 2014;Utsi et al, 2016;Alsmark et al, 2018). Possession of a pet is only significant in children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for sporadic cryptosporidiosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Kooh

Thébault

Cadavez

et al. 2021

Microbial Risk Analysis

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Cryptosporidium spp. is an important cause of gastrointestinal disease worldwide, responsible for 69 million cases of illness in 2016. Information on the sources and transmission pathways of human cryptosporidiosis results mainly from outbreak investigations. A systematic review and a meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies were performed to determine the main risk factors associated with sporadic cryptosporidiosis. Suitable scientific articles were identified through a systematic literature search and subjected to a methodological quality assessment. From each study, odds ratio (OR) measures were extracted or calculated, as well as study characteristics such as population type, design, type of model and risk factor hierarchy. Mixed-effects meta-analysis models were adjusted by population type to appropriate data partitions. From 1985 identified references, the quality assessment stage was passed by 57 cohort and case-control studies focusing on sporadic cryptosporidiosis. The eligible studies were conducted between 1983 and 2016 and provided 568 OR categorized for meta-analysis. This meta-analysis identified travel, immunocompromising conditions, contact with infected humans, waterborne transmission (contact with recreational waters, wastewater, and consumption of untreated drinking water), contact with animals and food consumption as the relevant risk factors for sporadic cryptosporidiosis. With regards to food exposures, consumption of meat, dairy products (raw milk) and dishes consumed outside home were found significantly associated with cryptosporidiosis. The consumption of poorly washed fruits and vegetables significantly increases ORs. This meta-analysis reveals that some potential sources of Cryptosporidium such as shellfish or vegetables are under-investigated. Future case-control studies for sporadic cryptosporidiosis should include population at risk, and investigate other potential sources in relation to the genotype and the subtype of Cryptosporidium spp. 2018). Kirk et al. (2015) estimated that cryptosporidiosis resulted in 2159,331 DALYs in 2010. A clinical and epidemiological study involving 22,500 children from Africa and Asia revealed that Cryptosporidium spp. is one of four pathogens responsible for most of moderate to severe diarrhea in infants and toddlers (Kotloff et al., 2013). In 2016, Cryptosporidiosis was estimated to account for 10% of cases of diarrhea mortality among children under 5 years old (Troeger et al., 2018). There are numerous species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium, but human infection involves mainly two species: Cryptosporidium hominis, whose main host is humans and Cryptosporidium parvum which infects animal and ruminants. Transmission can occur through the fecal-oral route, involving direct (person-to-person transmission or contact with

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“…The infection of pre-weaned calves with C. parvum has been linked to a number of outbreaks of human cryptosporidiosis, and evidence is increasing that contact with calves is the most likely source of Cryptosporidium infections [7][8][9]. Data on the global C. parvum subtypes in cattle indicate that although the IId subtypes are dominant in China, the IIa subtypes are more common in Europe, North America, and Australia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal monitoring of Cryptosporidium species and genetic diversity in neonatal dairy calves on two large-scale farms in Xinjiang, China

Zhang

Jing

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Neonatal dairy calves infected with Cryptosporidium can possess a significant source of zoonotic infections and disease. To assess seasonal variations in the prevalence and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium in neonatal dairy calves, 380 fecal samples from neonatal dairy calves on two large-scale farms in Xinjiang (Alaer and Wensu) were screened for the Cryptosporidium small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene. Results: The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 48.7% (185/380): 48.6% (108/222) in Alaer and 48.7% (77/158) in Wensu. Cryptosporidium was most frequent in summer (56.8%, 54/95), followed by spring (50.0%, 44/88), winter (46.8%, 44/94), and autumn (41.7%, 43/103) (P > 0.05). Cryptosporidium was significantly more prevalent in calves with diarrhea (72.4%, 113/156) than in those without (32.1%, 72/224) (P < 0.01). Based on a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, C. parvum (n = 173), C. bovis (n = 7), C. ryanae (n = 3), and co-infections of the three species (n = 2) were identified. Most (172/175) C. parvum samples were successfully sequenced at the 60-kDa glycoprotein gene (gp60), revealing two zoonotic subtypes: IIdA14G1 (n = 94) and IIdA15G1 (n = 7) in Alaer and IIdA15G1 (n = 71) in Wensu.Conclusions: These results showed that neonatal dairy calves were commonly infected with Cryptosporidium throughout the year, and there was a significant association between the occurrence of diarrhea and Cryptosporidium infection. Presence of IIdA14G1 and IIdA15G1 indicated neonatal dairy calves may be a source of zoonotic C. parvum subtypes.

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Two outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis associated with cattle spring pasture events

Cited by 13 publications

References 20 publications

Dairy Calves in Uruguay Are Reservoirs of Zoonotic Subtypes of Cryptosporidium parvum and Pose a Potential Risk of Surface Water Contamination

Dairy Calves in Uruguay Are Reservoirs of Zoonotic Subtypes of Cryptosporidium parvum and Pose a Potential Risk of Surface Water Contamination

Risk factors for sporadic cryptosporidiosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Seasonal monitoring of Cryptosporidium species and genetic diversity in neonatal dairy calves on two large-scale farms in Xinjiang, China

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