Two novel azaspiracids from Azadinium poporum, and a comprehensive compilation of azaspiracids produced by Amphidomataceae, (Dinophyceae)

Abstract

Two novel azaspiracids (AZA) with a molecular mass of 869 Da were found in Pacific strains of Azadinium poporum and characterized by tandem mass spectrometry and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). One compound, AZA-42, was found in Az. poporum strains AZFC25 and AZFC26, both isolated from the South China Sea. AZA-42 belongs to the 360-type AZA that in comparison to AZA-1 has an additional double bond in the F-I ring system of AZA comprising C28-C40. The other compound, AZA-62, was detected in Az. poporum strain 1D5 isolated off Chañaral, Northern Chile. Mass spectral data indicate that AZA-62 is a variant of AZA-11 with an additional double bond in the C1-C9 region of AZA. In addition to the description of the two novel AZA, a comprehensive list of all AZA known to be produced by species of the genera Azadinium and Amphidoma comprising 26 AZA variants is presented. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Origin, culture conditions and harvest of strains The Azadinium poporum strains AZFC25 and AZFC26 were isolated from Fangchenggang, South China Sea (21°29′ 58.20′' N, 108°13′ 53.20′' E) in April 2011 (Fig. 1). Cultures of Az. poporum were grown in 200 mL Erlenmeyer flasks at 20°C, 90 μmol quanta•m-2 •s-1 under a 12:12 h light: dark cycle. At exponential phase about 10 7 cells were

LC–MS/MS Analysis of the Emerging Toxin Pinnatoxin-G and High Levels of Esterified OA Group Toxins in Galician Commercial Mussels

“…However, this toxin has not yet been recorded in the Atlantic Coast of Galicia. Apart from PnTXs, the presence of non-regulated AZAs in Europe is well-documented [28,29]. With the aim of checking if some AZAs that are different from the regulated ones, were present in the commercial samples, a total of 44 analogs were monitored in another experiment.…”

“…The capillary voltage was set to 4000 V in the negative mode with a nozzle voltage of 0 V, and 3500 V in the positive mode with a nozzle voltage of 500 V. The analysis was performed using two methods in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) acquisition mode. MS/MS Method 1 included the transitions from the regulated toxins and SPXs and PnTXs (Table 4) and the MS/MS Method 2 included just the transitions from the most common AZAs analogues [28,29], as described below.…”

Distribution and abundance of azaspiracid-producing dinophyte species and their toxins in North Atlantic and North Sea waters in summer 2018

“…The second toxigenic species, Az. poporum was first described from the Danish North Sea coast [16], but is now known to occur in numerous regions around the globe [48] showing different toxin profiles and DNA sequences, with several ribotypes also identified [20,49,50].…”

Fatty acid esters of azaspiracids identified in mussels (Mytilus edulis) using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry

“…Since the first azaspiracid (AZA) poisoning event in 1995 from mussels ( Mytilus edulis ) harvested at Killary Harbour, Ireland, over 60 AZA analogues have been detected in shellfish and in Amphidoma and Azadinium spp. ( Krock et al, 2019 ; Twiner et al, 2008 ). Azaspiracids have become a global concern, with Azadinium spp.…”