Two new UV-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids from the sea anemoneAnthopleura elegantissima and the effects of zooxanthellae and spectral irradiance on chemical composition and content

Stochaj, Wayne R.; Dunlap, Walter C.; Shick, J. Malcolm

doi:10.1007/bf00699229

Cited by 99 publications

(85 citation statements)

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“…The sunscreen potential of MAAs has been frequently suggested on the basis of the correlative evidence that organisms (algae and invertebrates) with higher concentrations of the compounds appeared to be more resistant to UV radiation (Yentsch and Yentsch 1982, Vernet et al 1989, Carreto et al 1990a, Karentz et al 1991b, Shick et al 1992, Stochaj et al 1994, Vernet et al 1994, Banaszak and Trench 1995, Helbling et al 1996, but little optical evidence was available to define the specific function of MAAs , Garcia-Pichel 1994. Our results provide optical evidence that MAAs are direct protectants in G. sanguineum and possibly in other MAA-accumulating phytoplankton with a similar cell size as G. sanguineum (mean diameter 44 |xm in the HL culture).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are a class of about a dozen related UV-absorbing compounds that are widespread in marine organisms (Carreto et al 1990a, Karentz et al 1991b, Shick et al 1992, Stochaj et al 1994, Banaszak and Trench 1995, Dunlap and Shick 1998. MAAs have sharp (ca.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MAAs have sharp (ca. 20-nm-bandwidth) absorption peaks varying between 300 and 360 nm (Carreto et al 1990a, Karentz et al 1991b, Shick et al 1992, Stochaj et al 1994. Accumulation of MAAs is correlated with exposure to UV radiation in many marine organisms, so their protective function has been suggested for some time (Shibata 1969, Yentsch and Yentsch 1982, Vernet et al 1989, Carreto et al 1990a, Vernet et al 1994, Banaszak and Trench 1995, Helbling et al 1996.…”

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confidence: 99%

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ULTRAVIOLET SUNSCREENS IN GYMNODINIUM SANGUINEUM (DINOPHYCEAE): MYCOSPORINE‐LIKE AMINO ACIDS PROTECT AGAINST INHIBITION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Neale

Banaszak

Jarriel

1998

Journal of Phycology

207

174

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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ULTRAVIOLET SUNSCREENS IN GYMNODINIUM SANGUINEUM (DINOPHYCEAE): MYCOSPORINE‐LIKE AMINO ACIDS PROTECT AGAINST INHIBITION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Neale

Banaszak

Jarriel

1998

Journal of Phycology

207

174

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“…12). Aposymbiotic specimens of the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima contain the same complement and concentration of MAAs derived from the shikimate pathway as found in zooxanthellate conspecifics (9), a situation that is not altered by controlled diets (13). Moreover, the zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium muscatinei) freshly isolated from A. elegantissima do not contain MAAs nor do these algae produce MAAs in pure culture (14).…”

mentioning

confidence: 89%

Enzymes of the shikimic acid pathway encoded in the genome of a basal metazoan, Nematostella vectensis , have microbial origins

Starčević

Akthar

Dunlap

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

121

114

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The shikimic acid pathway is responsible for the biosynthesis of many aromatic compounds by a broad range of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and some protozoans. Animals are considered to lack this pathway, as evinced by their dietary requirement for shikimate-derived aromatic amino acids. We challenge the universality of this traditional view in this report of genes encoding enzymes for the shikimate pathway in an animal, the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Molecular evidence establishes horizontal transfer of ancestral genes of the shikimic acid pathway into the N. vectensis genome from both bacterial and eukaryotic (dinoflagellate) donors. Bioinformatic analysis also reveals four genes that are closely related to those of Tenacibaculum sp. MED152, raising speculation for the existence of a previously unsuspected bacterial symbiont. Indeed, the genome of the holobiont (i.e., the entity consisting of the host and its symbionts) comprises a high content of Tenacibaculum-like gene orthologs, including a 16S rRNA sequence that establishes the phylogenetic position of this associate to be within the family Flavobacteriaceae. These results provide a complementary view for the biogenesis of shikimate-related metabolites in marine Cnidaria as a ''shared metabolic adaptation'' between the partners. symbiosis ͉ Tenacibaculum ͉ Cnidaria

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“…For example, changes in total adenylate levels (ATP, ADP, AMP) have been measured in whole A. elegantissima following temperature, dessication, mechanical disturbance, and starvation in the laboratory (Smith and Watt, 1994) or alterations in lysosomal activity have been noted in the anemone Anemonia viridis following heat shock to laboratory-acclimated animals (Suharsono et al, 1993). The potential tissue damage resulting from UV exposure in A. elegantissima is ameliorated by the production of UV-absorbing micosporine-like amino acids (Stochaj et al, 1994;Banaszak and Trench, 1995), and further protection from UV damage in this species occurs via elevated catalase and superoxide dismutase activites in animal tissue (Dykens and Shick, 1984). It will be of great interest to test HSP expression under different field UV exposures, as UV can potentially damage anemones (Metridium senile: Westholt et al, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress protein (HSP70 family) expression in intertidal benthic organisms: the example of <i>Anthopleura elegantissima</i> (Cnidaria: Anthozoa)

Snyder¹,

Rossi²

2004

Sci. Mar.

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Both the physiology and distribution of intertidal organisms are strongly influenced by different kinds of physical stress. Temperature, UV radiation and desiccation in low tide conditions are usually considered the most important physical stresses. These factors impact cell metabolism, and the organism's ability to rapidly adapt to altering environmental conditions sets its tidal distribution limits. The role of the HSP70 protein (stress protein) family in thermal stress responses has been widely demonstrated. Although it has been shown that stress protein expression is a useful tool to quantify part of this physical stress, few studies have been made with different in situ intertidal organisms. To test differences in HSP70 expression under natural conditions in the intertidal environment, we chose a common cnidarian of the eastern Pacific Ocean: the anemone Anthopleura elegantissima. Polyp HSP70 expression depends on the degree of emersion and the extent of physical stress (0.1-3.6 ± 1.5 ng HSP70 µg Protein -1 were registered between fully immersed and fully emersed polyps of the same clone). The time of immersion is reflected in the recovery of polyp HSP70 levels from the high tidal exposure (reaching again as shallower clones express more HSP70 (2.5 ng HSP70 µg P -1 ), than deeper ones (0.1 ng HSP70 µg P -1 ). Also sunny and foggy environmental situations influence the stress response. Anemone clones exposed to the sunny high intertidal zone express more than three times HSP70 (2.2 ng HSP70 µg P -1 ) than those on a foggy high intertidal day (0.6 ng HSP70 µg P -1 ). For A. elegantissima, shrinking of polyps, mucus secretion, sand covering, UV absorbing molecules, and a tight patch structure work concurrently with HSP70 expression to alleviate the effects of physical stress in low tidal emersion.Key words: Anthopleura, stress proteins, HSPs, intertidal stress, temperature RESUMEN: EXPRESIÓN DE LAS PROTEÍNAS DE ESTRÉS (FAMILIA DE LA HSP70) EN ORGANISMOS BENTÓNICOS INTERMAREALES:EL EJEMPLO DE ANTHOPLEURA ELEGANTISSIMA (CNIDARIOS: ANTOZOOS). -Tanto la fisiología como la distribución de los organismos intermareales están muy influenciados por distintos tipos de estrés físico. Temperatura, radiación ultravioleta y desecación en condiciones de bajamar se suelen considerar los estreses físicos más importantes. Dichos factores ejercen su impacto sobre el metabolismo celular, y la capacidad del organismo de adaptarse rápidamente a condiciones ambientales alteradas establece sus límites de distribución mareal. Se ha demostrado de forma general el papel de la familia de proteí-nas HSP70 (proteínas de estrés) en las respuestas al estrés térmico. Aunque se ha demostrado que la expresión de la proteína de estrés es una herramienta útil para cuantificar parte de este estrés físico, se han realizado pocos estudios con diferentes organismos intermareales in situ. Para comprobar diferencias en la expresión de la HSP70 bajo condiciones naturales en el ambiente intermareal, elegimos un cnidario común del océano Pacífic...

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Two new UV-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids from the sea anemoneAnthopleura elegantissima and the effects of zooxanthellae and spectral irradiance on chemical composition and content

Cited by 99 publications

References 34 publications

ULTRAVIOLET SUNSCREENS IN GYMNODINIUM SANGUINEUM (DINOPHYCEAE): MYCOSPORINE‐LIKE AMINO ACIDS PROTECT AGAINST INHIBITION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

ULTRAVIOLET SUNSCREENS IN GYMNODINIUM SANGUINEUM (DINOPHYCEAE): MYCOSPORINE‐LIKE AMINO ACIDS PROTECT AGAINST INHIBITION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Enzymes of the shikimic acid pathway encoded in the genome of a basal metazoan, Nematostella vectensis , have microbial origins

Stress protein (HSP70 family) expression in intertidal benthic organisms: the example of <i>Anthopleura elegantissima</i> (Cnidaria: Anthozoa)

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