Two mathematical approaches to study the phosphorus eutrophication of a wetland in Puerto Rico

Abstract

Introduction: Laguna Cartagena (LC), a wetland in Lajas, Puerto Rico, has been negatively impacted by nutrients, mainly phosphorus run-off from agricultural activities until the end of sugar cane cultivation in the late 1900s. This led to P concentration remain high at hypereutrophic state that was irremediable even after a 5-fold reduction in source water nutrient concentration.
 Objective: The main goal of this research paper is to apply two different mathematical approaches to assess the eutrophication level of a wetland in Puerto Rico.
 Method: Grey Cluster Method (GCM) was used to classify LC’s eutrophic state by applying the International and Chinese trophic standards and two parameters, total phosphorous (TP) and total nitrogen (TN). Mean TP and TN from LC consolidated bottom substrate and flocculence samples were used to classify LC. To address whether LC can recover, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and TP from LC inlet, outlet and center water samples were used to model (differential equation) the input and loss of phosphorus in LC and determine whether an equilibrium point exists. GCM analysis classified LC as a eutrophic wetland using the International standard and hypereutrophic using the Chinese standard.
 Results: Trophic state classification did not vary with use of consolidated bottom substrate versus flocculence samples. The differential equation model showed that SRP and TP levels within LC were higher than levels of SRP and TP entering LC, which could be caused by a nutrient recycling process within LC that may predict failure of remediation efforts. An equilibrium point was found at the eutrophic level, which means that even if there is a reduction in phosphorus input, there will not be a change in LC’s eutrophic state.
 Conclusions: Chinese trophic standard indicated LC was in a hypertrophic state. Similar results were found using the international standard. The differential equation model showed that LC is irreversible.

A Case Study of the Effects of Management Interventions on the Phosphorus Dynamics at a Coastal, Eutrophic, Caribbean lagoon (Laguna Cartagena, Puerto Rico)

“…Such activities create negative impacts in natural wetland habitats by changing vegetation, soil biogeochemistry, habitat fragmentation, release of greenhouse gases, and severe vegetative overgrowth, resulting in deteriorating wildlife habitats. At our Laguna Cartagena study site, for example, severe cattail overgrowth and extensive peat formation due to phosphorus loading have reduced open surface conditions to as little as 10% (90% cover) and produced poorly oxygenated water [1,6,7].…”

“…Total phosphorus (TP) concentrations of 30-100 µg/L (ppb) and >100 µg/L (ppb), are considered eutrophic and hypereutrophic, respectively, for freshwater lakes [11][12][13]. Frequently, the reduction of P loading into aquatic ecosystems has not resulted in reduced eutrophication [7,14]. This is because P tends to accumulate in soil via lithification [15] and subsequent disturbance and mobilization of P-enriched sediments (and possibly organic matter) can cause internal P eutrophication to the water column [16][17][18].…”

“…Hydrological and hydroperiod regimes can directly modify and change the physicochemical environment, stimulate microbial activity, and influence nutrient retention (sink) and release (source) processes. These regimes also transform wetland soils (sediments and organic matter) [3,20] and cause eutrophication [7] as sediments and organic matter provide internal sources of nutrients to the water column. At Laguna Cartagena this has resulted in a proliferation of emergent vegetation and, most notably, extensive floating peat mats (islands) and associated floating vegetation.…”