Two-layer management of HVAC-based Multi-energy buildings under proactive demand response of Fast/Slow-charging EVs

Towards intelligent electric vehicle power batteries and multi-scenario application vehicle operation safety charging strategies: a review

“…Bao et al , 129 in response to the shortcomings of AC charging stacks where the harmonic current of the on-board charger cannot be reduced, proposed the incorporation of the filtering function into the design of slow-charging AC charging piles to filter the harmonics in the current and inhibit the effects of harmonics on the electricity bill. Liu et al 130 developed a two-tier management mechanism based on heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, where the first tier considers the economization of electricity, heat, and gas, and the second tier manages the AC slow charging of EVs using real-time supply and demand requests.…”

Peer-to-Peer Transactive Computation–Electricity Trading for Interconnected Virtual Power Plant Buildings

“…While the daily travel time and daily return time of EVs are assumed to follow the standard normal distribution, the daily mileage and the expected SOC are assumed to follow the lognormal distribution [1,24]. The SOC at the time of the return of EV i is calculated:…”

“…The feed-in price is given as 0.01 $/kWh, and the related electricity price is obtained from [28]. The parameters of base energy consumptions, storages, and generations of three BVPPs are obtained from [1,2,22].…”

“…Approximately 33% of global greenhouse gas emissions and 40% of global energy consumption come from commercial buildings. To reduce energy consumption costs, facades and rooftops carry generated energy from photovoltaic thermal systems (PVT) and wind turbines (WT) as close to the consumer as possible [1]. A potential pattern that has never been seen before, the virtual power plant (VPP), is opened by combining battery energy storage (BES) and renewable energy sources (RESs).…”