Two important controversial risk factors in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Obesity and smoking

Engin, Evren Doruk; Engin, Ayşe Başak

doi:10.1016/j.etap.2020.103411

Cited by 151 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…Tobacco smokers have a greater predisposition (1.4-fold) to develop severe symptoms of COVID-19. They often require admission to intensive care units (ICU), alongside concomitant mechanical ventilation; moreover, their death rate is approximately 2.4-fold compared to non-smokers ( Engin et al, 2020 ). Our results do not reveal any significant association between the estimated prevalence of the disease and being overweight.…”

Section: A Sociodemographic Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain: Hygiene habits, sociodemographic profile, mobility patterns and comorbidities

Rodríguez‐Barranco

Rivas-García

Quiles

et al. 2021

Environmental Research

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COVID-19 constitutes the largest pandemic in the last 100 years. In view of the rapid spread of the virus, it is necessary to study the sociodemographic characteristics, hygiene habits, activity and mobility, and comorbidities of SARS-CoV-2 infection to be able to implement prevention strategies. For this purpose, a survey including the variables of interest was designed to try to understand the exponential spread of the virus despite the implemented severe restrictive mobility measures during the period of maximum confinement in Spain. This study conducted throughout the Spanish territory aims to clarify other routes of transmission of the COVID-19 during confinement, risk factors, and the effectiveness of the recommended hygiene measures to detect critical points of exposure to the virus and thus reduce its spread in this and possible future pandemics that could compromise public health. Our results show that living with a COVID-19 patient increased the risk of contagion by 60 times. Among all the sociodemographic variables analyzed, walking the dog have shown to have the strongest effect by increasing the risk by 78%. The most effective hygiene measure reducing the prevalence of the disease was the disinfection of products purchased from the market upon arrival home (which reduced the risk by 94%), above other hygiene measures, such as wearing masks, gloves, ethanol disinfection, bleaching and others. The mobility variable studied that showed the largest increase in the prevalence of the disease was working on site at the workplace (increased the risk by 76%). A significant higher prevalence of the disease was also detected among respondents who used the modality of acquiring basic commodities using home delivery service compared to those who chose in-store shopping.

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Section: A Sociodemographic Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain: Hygiene habits, sociodemographic profile, mobility patterns and comorbidities

Rodríguez‐Barranco

Rivas-García

Quiles

et al. 2021

Environmental Research

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“…However, this may be countered by biomass burning for heating and cooking, which can make the indoor environmental conditions problematic along with outdoor air quality in valley regions prone to meteorological inversions (Thakur et al, 2020). Personal pollution exposure in the form of tobacco smoking may be a risk factor for greater COVID-19 rates (Alqahtani et al, 2020;Engin et al, 2020), but this has not been found in all studies (Rossato et al, 2020). Smoking increases airway epithelium expres-sion of ACE-2 (Leung et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2020) and this may be further driven independently by airway nicotine exposure (Russo et al, 2020).…”

Section: Other Environmental Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower Incidence of COVID-19 at High Altitude: Facts and Confounders

Pun

Turner

Strapazzon

et al. 2020

High Altitude Medicine & Biology

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The rapid transmission, increased morbidity, and mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has exhausted many health care systems and the global economy. Large variations in COVID-19 prevalence and incidence have been reported across and within many countries worldwide; however, this remains poorly understood. The variability and susceptibility across the world have been mainly attributed to differing socioeconomic status, burden of chronic diseases, access to health care, strength of health care systems, and early or late adoption of control measures. Environmental factors such as pollution, ambient temperature, humidity, and seasonal weather patterns at different latitudes may influence how severe the pandemic is and the incidence of infection in any part of the world. In addition, recent epidemiological data have been used to propose that altitude of residence may not only influence those environmental features considered key to lesser viral transmission, but also susceptibility to more severe forms of COVID-19 through hypoxic-hypobaria driven genomic or nongenomic adaptations specific to high-altitude populations. In this review, we critically examine these factors and attempt to determine based upon available scientific and epidemiological data whether living in high-altitude regions might be protective against COVID-19 as recent publications have claimed.

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“…(Guan et al, 2020;Goyal et al, 2020;Young et al, 2020). Besides, a few retrospective cohort studies point out that other risk factors, including but not limited to older age (≥ 65 years old), smoking history, education level, and household income level, are likely to be associated with the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 (Engin et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2020;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term Air Pollution Exposure Impact on COVID-19 Morbidity in China

Zhan

Zhao

2021

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Although previous studies have proved the association between air pollution and respiratory viral infection, given the relatively short history of human infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the linkage between long-term air pollution exposure and the morbidity of 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia remains poorly understood. To fill this gap, this study investigates the influences of particulate matters (PM 2.5 and PM 10), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), ozone (O 3), sulfur dioxide (SO 2) and carbon monoxide (CO) on COVID-19 incidence rate based on the prefecture-level morbidity count and air quality data in China. Annual means for ambient PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2 , NO 2 , CO and O 3 concentrations in each prefecture are used to estimate the population's exposure. We leverage identical statistical methods, i.e., Spearman's rank correlation and negative binomial regression model, to demonstrate that people who are chronically exposed to ambient air pollution are more likely to be infected by COVID-19. Our statistical analysis indicates that a 1 µg m-3 increase of PM 2.5 , PM 10 , NO 2 and O 3 can result in 1.95% (95% CI: 0.83-3.08%), 0.55% (95% CI:-0.05-1.17%), 4.63% (95% CI: 3.07-6.22%) rise and 2.05% (95% CI: 0.51-3.59%) decrease of COVID-19 morbidity. However, we observe nonsignificant association with long-term SO 2 and CO exposure to COVID-19 morbidity in this study. Our results' robustness is examined based on sensitivity analyses that adjust for a wide range of confounders, including socioeconomic, demographic, weather, healthcare, and mobility-related variables. We acknowledge that more laboratory results are required to prove the etiology of these associations.

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Two important controversial risk factors in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Obesity and smoking

Cited by 151 publications

References 98 publications

The spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain: Hygiene habits, sociodemographic profile, mobility patterns and comorbidities

The spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain: Hygiene habits, sociodemographic profile, mobility patterns and comorbidities

Lower Incidence of COVID-19 at High Altitude: Facts and Confounders

Long-term Air Pollution Exposure Impact on COVID-19 Morbidity in China

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