Two<i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i>Strains in<i>Ixodes scapularis</i>Ticks, Canada

Krakowetz, Chantel N.; Dibernardo, Antonia; Lindsay, L. Robbin; Chilton, Neil B.

doi:10.3201/eid2012.140172

Cited by 32 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…phagocytophilum strain types were identified using single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assays targeting the 16S rRNA gene as described by Krakowetz et al (2014). Larval ticks from the same host animal were pooled for all testing and analysis; individual nymphs and adults collected by drag sampling were tested.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Thousand Islands region has been identified as an emerging endemic area for I. scapularis and B. burgdorferi (Werden et al 2014), but the occurrence of other pathogens in ticks in this region has not been fully described. Krakowetz et al (2014) reported that 1.3% of blacklegged ticks from across Canada were positive for A. phagocytophilum. Two strain types of A. phagocytophilum were identified, the human pathogenic strain (AP-ha), which is most often associated with clinical cases of HGA, and a variant strain (AP-variant 1); their relative prevalence appears to vary geographically (Krakowetz et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Krakowetz et al (2014) reported that 1.3% of blacklegged ticks from across Canada were positive for A. phagocytophilum. Two strain types of A. phagocytophilum were identified, the human pathogenic strain (AP-ha), which is most often associated with clinical cases of HGA, and a variant strain (AP-variant 1); their relative prevalence appears to vary geographically (Krakowetz et al 2014). B. microti has rarely been detected in ticks in Ontario; however, it occurs nearby in the northeastern United States, and the geographic range of human babesiosis is expanding (Diuk-Wasser et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Prevalence ofAnaplasma phagocytophilumandBabesia microtiinIxodes scapularisfrom a Newly Established Lyme Disease Endemic Area, the Thousand Islands Region of Ontario, Canada

Werden

Lindsay

et al. 2015

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) are vectors for several important human diseases, including Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), and human babesiosis, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Babesia microti, respectively. The continued northward range expansion of blacklegged ticks and associated pathogens is an increasing public health concern in Canada. The Thousand Islands region of eastern Ontario has recently been identified as a new endemic area for Lyme disease in Canada, but the occurrence of other pathogens in ticks in this area has not been fully described. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of A. phagocytophilum and B. microti in small mammals and questing ticks in the Thousand Islands area and identify the strains of A. phagocytophilum circulating in ticks in the area. Serum and larval ticks were collected from trapped small mammals, and questing ticks were collected via drag sampling from up to 12 island and mainland sites in 2006, 2009, and 2010. A. phagocytophilum was identified by PCR in 3.4% (47/1388) ticks from eight of 12 sites; the prevalence ranged from 8.9% in 2006 to 3% in 2009. All 365 ticks tested for B. microti were negative. Antibodies to A. phagocytophilum were detected in 2.8% (17/611) of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) at two of 11 sites in 2006, 2009, or 2010. All 34 A. phagocytophilum-positive ticks submitted for strain identification using single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assays targeting the 16S rRNA gene were identified as a variant strain (Ap variant-1), which is not commonly associated with human disease. Our findings suggest that people are at low risk of contracting HGA or human babesiosis due to locally acquired tick bites in the Thousand Islands area. However, continued surveillance is warranted as these pathogens continue to expand their ranges in North America.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Prevalence ofAnaplasma phagocytophilumandBabesia microtiinIxodes scapularisfrom a Newly Established Lyme Disease Endemic Area, the Thousand Islands Region of Ontario, Canada

Werden

Lindsay

et al. 2015

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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“…Anaplasmosis is caused by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum, which is spread by I. scapularis in eastern and central Canada (37) and I. pacificus in British Columbia, and human or animal cases have been reported in most provinces where the ticks occur (38). Clinically, people can have asymptomatic A. phagocytophilum infections, but most frequently have non-specific symptoms (e.g.…”

Section: Anaplasmosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased risk of tick-borne diseases with climate and environmental changes

Bouchard

Dibernardo

Koffi

et al. 2019

CCDR

200

134

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Climate warming and other environmental changes have contributed to the expansion of the range of several tick species into higher latitudes in North America. As temperatures increase in Canada, the environment becomes more suitable for ticks and the season suitable for tick activity lengthens, so tick-borne diseases are likely to become more common in Canada. In addition to Lyme disease, four other tick-borne diseases (TBDs) have started to emerge and are likely to increase: Anaplasmosis; Babesiosis; Powassan virus; and Borrelia miyamotoi disease. Increased temperature increases the survival and activity period of ticks, increases the range of both reservoir and tick hosts (e.g. mice and deer) and increases the duration of the season when people may be exposed to ticks. Other ticks and TBDs may spread into Canada as the climate changes. The public health strategies to mitigate the impact of all TBDs include surveillance to detect current and emerging TBDs, and public health actions to prevent infections by modifying environmental and social-behavioral risk factors through increasing public awareness. Clinical care strategies include patient education, early detection, laboratory testing, and treatment. Affiliations

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“…Distinct variants not found in humans have been isolated from deer, other ruminants, horses, dogs, and cats, suggesting only a subset of A. phagocytophilum variants cause disease in humans (Lappin et al 2004;Lester et al 2005;Parola et al 2005a;Poitout et al 2005;Morissette et al 2009). More than one strain may be present in a region, and the relative proportion of each strain may vary regionally (Krakowetz et al 2014).…”

Section: Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (Hga)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Biological Survey of Canada: A Personal History

Danks¹

2017

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TwoAnaplasma phagocytophilumStrains inIxodes scapularisTicks, Canada

Cited by 32 publications

References 15 publications

Prevalence ofAnaplasma phagocytophilumandBabesia microtiinIxodes scapularisfrom a Newly Established Lyme Disease Endemic Area, the Thousand Islands Region of Ontario, Canada

Prevalence ofAnaplasma phagocytophilumandBabesia microtiinIxodes scapularisfrom a Newly Established Lyme Disease Endemic Area, the Thousand Islands Region of Ontario, Canada

Increased risk of tick-borne diseases with climate and environmental changes

The Biological Survey of Canada: A Personal History

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