Two genes in a pathogenicity gene cluster encoding secreted proteins are required for appressorial penetration and infection of the maize anthracnose fungus <i>Colletotrichum graminicola</i>

Eisermann, Iris; Weihmann, Fabian; Krijger, Jorrit-Jan; Kröling, Christian; Hause, Gerd; Menzel, Matthias; Pienkny, Silke; Kiesow, Andreas; Deising, H. B.; Wirsel, Stefan G. R.

doi:10.1111/1462-2920.14819

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Hence it is not known the exact species they were dealing with, as the C. graminicola is a species complex. Based on ultrastructural studies, it is clear that anthracnose infection penetrates through the formation of appressorium with penetration peg ( Eisermann et al., 2019 ).…”

Section: Selected Fungal Pathogens On Grassesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the onset of infection, Colletotrichum graminicola secretes proteins to avoid pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognition by the host ( Eisermann et al., 2019 ). Eisermann et al.…”

Section: Selected Fungal Pathogens On Grassesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the onset of infection, Colletotrichum graminicola secretes proteins to avoid pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognition by the host (Eisermann et al, 2019). Eisermann et al (2019) revealed that among the proteins secreted by C. graminicola, only a few are essential for fungal virulence. Among small clusters of C. graminicola, only a single protein is involved in infection process.…”

Section: Colletotrichum Graminicolamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fungal Pathogens in Grasslands

Karunarathna

Tibpromma

Jayawardena

et al. 2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Grasslands are major primary producers and function as major components of important watersheds. Although a concise definition of grasslands cannot be given using a physiognomic or structural approach, grasslands can be described as vegetation communities experiencing periodical droughts and with canopies dominated by grasses and grass-like plants. Grasslands have a cosmopolitan distribution except for the Antarctic region. Fungal interactions with grasses can be pathogenic or symbiotic. Herbivorous mammals, insects, other grassland animals, and fungal pathogens are known to play important roles in maintaining the biomass and biodiversity of grasslands. Although most pathogenicity studies on the members of Poaceae have been focused on economically important crops, the plant-fungal pathogenic interactions involved can extend to the full range of ecological circumstances that exist in nature. Hence, it is important to delineate the fungal pathogen communities and their interactions in man-made monoculture systems and highly diverse natural ecosystems. A better understanding of the key fungal players can be achieved by combining modern techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) together with studies involving classic phytopathology, taxonomy, and phylogeny. It is of utmost importance to develop experimental designs that account for the ecological complexity of the relationships between grasses and fungi, both above and below ground. In grasslands, loss in species diversity increases interactions such as herbivory, mutualism, predation or infectious disease transmission. Host species density and the presence of heterospecific host species, also affect the disease dynamics in grasslands. Many studies have shown that lower species diversity increases the severity as well as the transmission rate of fungal diseases. Moreover, communities that were once highly diverse but have experienced decreased species richness and dominancy have also shown higher pathogenicity load due to the relaxed competition, although this effect is lower in natural communities. This review addresses the taxonomy, phylogeny, and ecology of grassland fungal pathogens and their interactions in grassland ecosystems.

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Section: Selected Fungal Pathogens On Grassesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the onset of infection, Colletotrichum graminicola secretes proteins to avoid pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognition by the host ( Eisermann et al., 2019 ). Eisermann et al.…”

Section: Selected Fungal Pathogens On Grassesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Colletotrichum Graminicolamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fungal Pathogens in Grasslands

Karunarathna

Tibpromma

Jayawardena

et al. 2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…The identification of effector candidates is the first step into the functional characterization of these molecules. Until now, several studies on effectors of different species of Colletotrichum such as C. higginsianum [63,64] C. orbiculare [65,66] C. lentis [67][68][69], C. graminicola [70][71][72] C. simmondsii, C. fiorinae, C. nymphaeae, C. salicis [39], C. lindemunthianum [73], C. falcatum [74], C. fruticola, C. siamense, C. aenigma, C. tropicale, C. viniferum [53] have been published. On the other hand, comparative genomic studies of Colletotrichum spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and Comparison of Colletotrichum Secreted Effector Candidates Reveal Two Independent Lineages Pathogenic to Soybean

et al. 2021

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Colletotrichum is one of the most important plant pathogenic genus of fungi due to its scientific and economic impact. A wide range of hosts can be infected by Colletotrichum spp., which causes losses in crops of major importance worldwide, such as soybean. Soybean anthracnose is mainly caused by C. truncatum, but other species have been identified at an increasing rate during the last decade, becoming one of the most important limiting factors to soybean production in several regions. To gain a better understanding of the evolutionary origin of soybean anthracnose, we compared the repertoire of effector candidates of four Colletotrichum species pathogenic to soybean and eight species not pathogenic. Our results show that the four species infecting soybean belong to two lineages and do not share any effector candidates. These results strongly suggest that two Colletotrichum lineages have acquired the capability to infect soybean independently. This study also provides, for each lineage, a set of candidate effectors encoding genes that may have important roles in pathogenicity towards soybean offering a new resource useful for further research on soybean anthracnose management.

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“…the frequent clustering of effector genes allowing the generation of multiple effector mutants with a single deletion event [45][46][47].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

From effectors to effectomes: Are functional studies of individual effectors enough to decipher plant pathogen infectious strategies?

Arroyo-Velez¹,

González‐Fuente²,

Peeters³

et al. 2020

PLoS Pathog

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Effector proteins of plant pathogens are key virulence determinants which can be secreted in the apoplast or translocated inside plant cells where they subvert host immunity and physiology to the pathogen's benefit [1]. In some specific plant accessions, effector proteins may also be detected by plant immune receptors and trigger strong specific resistance [2-4]. Achievements and limits of current effectors studies in plant pathogens A pathogen's effectome (sometimes also referred to as effectorome) is the repertoire of all its effector proteins (Fig 1A). To date, most effector proteins are studied individually, omitting the broader context in which they function as the effectome. Size and composition of effectomes vary greatly between pathogens, including at the intraspecific level, ranging from as little as 4 in Erwinia amylovora to hundreds of effector proteins per isolate in some fungi, nematodes, and oomycetes (Fig 2A) [5-14]. These differences influence pathogen's virulence, lifestyle, and host range [15-17]. Known effector functions are the result of a combination of experimental approaches, often low throughput and based on in vitro or heterologous systems (Figs 1B, 2C and 2D) [18-21]. Some effectome-scale screens have been conducted, but these are still a compilation of individual effectors studies and thus present the same limitations as smaller-scale studies [22-28]. Evidences for effector-effector interferences within effectomes Studies of individual effector proteins intrinsically overlook their coordinated functions due to functional redundancy [29-31], expression patterns dependent on infection stages or plant organ [32-34], and epistatic interactions within effectomes [35-40] (Fig 2B). Therefore, effectome functions are usually not the sum of the individual effector functions (Fig 1C), and dedicated experimental approaches would be needed to determine how effectomes function as a whole. Prerequisites are the knowledge of the effectome composition, an experimentally manageable effectome size, and a genetically amenable pathogen. Consequently, functional characterization of effectomes is most advanced in bacteria [30,35,41,42] and developing at an ever increasing pace in fungi or nematodes thanks to powerful genome-editing tools [43,44] and

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Two genes in a pathogenicity gene cluster encoding secreted proteins are required for appressorial penetration and infection of the maize anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum graminicola

Cited by 9 publications

References 86 publications

Fungal Pathogens in Grasslands

Fungal Pathogens in Grasslands

Identification and Comparison of Colletotrichum Secreted Effector Candidates Reveal Two Independent Lineages Pathogenic to Soybean

From effectors to effectomes: Are functional studies of individual effectors enough to decipher plant pathogen infectious strategies?

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