Two distinct compartments of a ctenophore comb plate provide structural and functional integrity for the motility of giant multicilia

Morphological and dietary changes encoded in the genome of Beroe ovata, a ctenophore-eating ctenophore

“…Therefore, sperm cells were most likely sequenced inadvertently with our comb row tissue. Included as highly expressed genes in the comb rows relative to the aboral organ were two previously described ctenophore-specific genes, CTENO64 and CTENO189 ( 84 , 85 ) (Figure 4A ). CTENO64 and CENO189 are primarily expressed in the compartmenting lamella, a unique ctenophore structure that connects adjacent cilia in the comb plates and ensures proper orientation of cilia for coordinated beating ( 84 , 85 ).…”

“…Included as highly expressed genes in the comb rows relative to the aboral organ were two previously described ctenophore-specific genes, CTENO64 and CTENO189 ( 84 , 85 ) (Figure 4A ). CTENO64 and CENO189 are primarily expressed in the compartmenting lamella, a unique ctenophore structure that connects adjacent cilia in the comb plates and ensures proper orientation of cilia for coordinated beating ( 84 , 85 ). Many of the remaining genes were those with general functions or involved in metabolism, cell cycling and cell signaling ( Supplementary Table S3 ).…”

“…Many genes expressed significantly higher in the comb rows relative to the aboral organ had top hits to genes associated with cilia and/or sperm, including ciliary microtubule inner protein 1 (Bova1_5.0211.g20), ciliary microtubule associated protein 1A (Bova1_5.0092.g21), ciliary microtubule associated protein 2 (Bova1_5.0082.g21), flagellar calcium-binding protein (Bova1_5.0074.g42), cilia and flagella associated protein 157 (Bova1_5.0039.g17), cilia and flagella associated protein 299 (Bova1_5.0025.g66), coiled-coil domain containing 63 (Bova1_5.0022.g12), coiled-coil domain containing 65 (Bova1_5.0036.g27), radial spoke head component 4A (Bova1_5.0019.g96), stabilizer of axonemal microtubules 2 (Bova1_5.0206.g16), basal body orientation factor 1 (Bova1_5.0002.g47), sperm tail PG-rich repeat containing 2 (Bova1_5.0195.g11), sperm microtubule associated protein 2 like (Bova1_5.0003.g46), dynein axonemal heavy chain 12 (Bova1_5.0009.g74), sperm flagellar 2 (Bova1_5.0042.g60), sperm associated antigen 8 (Bova1_5.0097.g35), sperm associated antigen 6 (Bova1_5.0097.g35), tektin 1 (Bova1_5.0020.g123), nephrocystin 3 (Bova1_5.0086.g15) and two recently described ctenophore-specific comb row genes [i.e. CTENO64 ( 84 ) and CTENO189 ( 85 )] (Figure 4B and Supplementary Table S2 ).…”

High stability in filtration apparatus of African shrimp

“… 1 They have made outstanding contributions to water treatment 2 and ecological management, 3 and are indispensable for aquatic ecosystem. 4 Filter feeders cover sponges, 5 sea squirts, 6 comb jellies, 7 bivalves, 8 crustaceans, 9 cetaceans, 10 and other species. 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 They are equipped with a range of filtration apparatus to adapt to different living environments.…”

Flow cytometry methods for targeted isolation of ctenophore cells

“…Genomic analyses place Ctenophora near the base of the Metazoa, thus making them a critical group to study evolution of metazoan cell types (Sebe-Pedroś et al, 2018;Li et al, 2021;Schultz et al, 2023). Previous studies have usually relied upon microscopybased analyses to characterize distinct ctenophore cell types including true muscle cells, nerve cells, various digestive cells, stellate phagocytic amoebocytes, and ctenophore-specific cell types including tentacular colloblasts and ctene-row ciliary cells (combrows) (Hernandez-Nicaise, 1991;Jager et al, 2010;Dayraud et al, 2012;Moroz et al, 2014;Presnell et al, 2016;Babonis et al, 2018;Traylor-Knowles et al, 2019;Jokura et al, 2022;Burkhardt et al, 2023). Additionally, optimization of methodologies that build on cell culture techniques (Presnell et al, 2016;Vandepas et al, 2017;Dieter et al, 2022) are required to study functional characteristics and traits associated with specific cell types.…”