“…22 The system was equipped with low-energy electron diffraction ͑LEED͒, Auger electron spectroscopy ͑AES͒, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ͑XPS͒, x-ray Auger electron spectroscopy ͑XAES͒, and a TPD facility. Infrared spectra were recorded in a different UHV chamber described elsewhere, equipped with a Mattson Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer ͑FTIR͒ with 2 cm Ϫ1 resolution.…”