Two-dimensional photonic crystals for sensitive microscale chemical and biochemical sensing

Baker, James E.; Sriram, Rashmi; Miller, Benjamin L.

doi:10.1039/c4lc01208a

Cited by 98 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 109 publications

(220 reference statements)

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“…Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/11/18 9:19 AM nano/microcavities in PhCs, we will proceed to discuss advanced architectures and/or methodologies based on PhC nanocavity-assisted label-free biosensing. For the past couple of decades there has been intense research in the field of biochemical detection [126,127,135]. Here, we will mainly restrict ourselves to the past decade and cover very recent milestones.…”

Section: Photonic Crystals Engineered With Nano/microcavities For Intmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering the complexity involved in fabricating real 3D PBG materials for practical integration, 1D PhC surfaces and strongly modulated 2D PhC slabs of submicron thickness have been widely investigated for integrated nanophotonics applications, even for sensing at the point of care [123][124][125][126][127]. Like basic PBG principles, the photonic band properties in these 2D nanoengineered materials originate from multiple instances of beam scattering and interference at the photonic lattice due to periodic perturbation of the structure.…”

Section: Photonic Crystals Engineered With Nano/microcavities For Intmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advances in optoplasmonic sensors – combining optical nano/microcavities and photonic crystals with plasmonic nanostructures and nanoparticles

et al. 2017

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Nanophotonic device building blocks, such as optical nano/microcavities and plasmonic nanostructures, lie at the forefront of sensing and spectrometry of trace biological and chemical substances. A new class of nanophotonic architecture has emerged by combining optically resonant dielectric nano/microcavities with plasmonically resonant metal nanostructures to enable detection at the nanoscale with extraordinary sensitivity. Initial demonstrations include single-molecule detection and even single-ion sensing. The coupled photonic-plasmonic resonator system promises a leap forward in the nanoscale analysis of physical, chemical, and biological entities. These optoplasmonic sensor structures could be the centrepiece of miniaturised analytical laboratories, on a chip, with detection capabilities that are beyond the current state of the art. In this paper, we review this burgeoning field of optoplasmonic biosensors. We first focus on the state of the art in nanoplasmonic sensor structures, high quality factor optical microcavities, and photonic crystals separately before proceeding to an outline of the most recent advances in hybrid sensor systems. We discuss the physics of this modality in brief and each of its underlying parts, then the prospects as well as challenges when integrating dielectric nano/microcavities with metal nanostructures. In Section 5, we hint to possible future applications of optoplasmonic sensing platforms which offer many degrees of freedom towards biomedical diagnostics at the level of single molecules.

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Section: Photonic Crystals Engineered With Nano/microcavities For Intmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Photonic Crystals Engineered With Nano/microcavities For Intmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in optoplasmonic sensors – combining optical nano/microcavities and photonic crystals with plasmonic nanostructures and nanoparticles

et al. 2017

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“…[2][3][4][5] It is common to use PDMS to fabricate channels for the immersion of nanostructure for sensing applications, such as ring resonators and photonic crystals. [6][7][8][9] Unfortunately, PDMS also has some limitations, 10 in particular when considering high-resolution imaging.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid PDMS/glass microfluidics for high resolution imaging and application to sub-wavelength particle trapping

2016

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We demonstrate the fabrication of a hybrid PDMS/glass microfluidic layer that can be placed on top of non-transparent samples and allows high-resolution optical microscopy through it. The layer mimics a glass coverslip to limit optical aberrations and can be applied on the sample without the use of permanent bonding. The bonding strength can withstand to hold up to 7 bars of injected pressure in the channel without leaking or breaking. We show that this process is compatible with multilayer soft lithography for the implementation of flexible valves. The benefits of this application is illustrated by optically trapping subwavelength particles and manipulate them around photonic nano-structures. Among others, we achieve close to diffraction limited imaging through the microfluidic assembly, full control on the flow with no dynamical deformations of the membrane and a 20-fold improvement on the stiffness of the trap at equivalent trapping power.Recent developments in microfluidics show an important trend in the use of polymers and thermoplastics instead of materials such as glass. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) especially holds a privileged role in microfluidics because of several advantages compared to glass and other polymers. First, it is flexible and easy to fabricate by soft lithography. 1 It can be bonded permanently to PDMS or flat surfaces like glass or silicon by oxygen plasma activation. It can also be bonded temporarily by simple conformal contact thanks to van der Waals (VdW) forces, which form a water-tight seal between two flat surfaces. Second, PDMS is biocompatible and rather inexpensive. [2][3][4][5] It is common to use PDMS to fabricate channels for the immersion of nanostructure for sensing applications, such as ring resonators and photonic crystals. [6][7][8][9] Unfortunately, PDMS also has some limitations, 10 in particular when considering high-resolution imaging.In most silicon-based structures, the sample is opaque to visible light. Thus, the imaging has to be done through the microfluidic layer. This also applies to any other opaque samples, like metallic substrates. Mostly two options have been investigated so far. The first option is to use a transparent PDMS microfluidic layer on top of the silicon sample. Another option would be to use a bonded SU8 microfluidic layer. 13 This option is limited to the fabrication of simple, externally driven microfluidic channels and doesn't allow a precise control of the flow within the micro-channels. Precise control of the flow in microfluidic membranes is generally performed with flexible valves. It is necessary when working with small objects in the solution injected in the microchanels.High resolution imaging is generally performed with immersion objectives, which have very strict operational conditions for limiting aberrations. In particular, the refractive index n D and the thickness t of the glass coverslip used have to be as close as possible to the predefined values used to design the objective (typically n D = 1.523 and t = 170 μm). Because of t...

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“…[8][9][10][11] Biomaterials have been successfully printed, [45] and combined with the small feature size obtained on the PhC (sub-2 µm) and the ability to print identical closely spaced nanocavities (as demonstrated by the photonic molecules) may enable high density array of biosensors using multiple receptor materials.…”

Section: Numerical Results Shown Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, photonic crystal cavities have the highest finesse of any photonic nanocavity, lending themselves to applications in strong-coupling, [1][2][3] single photon sources, [4,5] low threshold lasers, [6,7] and sensing. [8][9][10][11] Recently, deep UV photolithography has been successfully employed for the fabrication of high quality PhC cavities, [12,13] thus paving the way for their mass production. Concurrently, a few reports have emerged on explored.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/adma201704425mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inkjet‐Printed Nanocavities on a Photonic Crystal Template

et al. 2017

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the possibility of creating nanocavities by depositing a low-refractive-index polymer on a photonic crystal waveguide. [14][15][16][17] This is suggestive of the technological and scientific potential that could be realized by bringing patterned unconventional low-refractive-index materials into intimate contact with conventional inorganic PhC templates: on the one hand, the production of photonic devices by postprocessing a generic, mass-produced, photonic crystal template; on the other hand, new device architecture/functionalities and fundamental light-matter interaction studies through the wealth of solution-processable nano-, hybrid, and soft materials that have emerged over the last decade. However, this potential has been frustrated thus far, as the approaches pursued to date for the deposition of the low-refractive-index materials relied on e-beam or UV exposure technique, both being highly material specific and requiring multiple complex fabrication steps.Here we propose and demonstrate the printing of nanocavities using an electrohydrodynamic jet printer with femtoliter droplet delivery [18][19][20] on a generic 2D photonic crystal template. Our free-form, bottom-up approach offers the possibility of assigning by design any solution processable material on the surface of a photonic crystal in a single fabrication step. In the following, we demonstrate the fine tuning of the cavity emission and the reproducible printing of nanocavities with high Q factors, which also enable the fabrication of photonic molecules with controllable splitting. Three different cavity designs areThe last decade has witnessed the rapid development of inkjet printing as an attractive bottom-up microfabrication technology due to its simplicity and potentially low cost. The wealth of printable materials has been key to its widespread adoption in organic optoelectronics and biotechnology. However, its implementation in nanophotonics has so far been limited by the coarse resolution of conventional inkjet-printing methods. In addition, the low refractive index of organic materials prevents the use of "soft-photonics" in applications where strong light confinement is required. This study introduces a hybrid approach for creating and fine tuning high-Q nanocavities, involving the local deposition of an organic ink on the surface of an inorganic 2D photo nic crystal template using a commercially available high-resolution inkjet printer. The controllability of this approach is demonstrated by tuning the resonance of the printed nanocavities by the number of printer passes and by the fabrication of photonic crystal molecules with controllable splitting. The versatility of this method is evidenced by the realization of nanocavities obtained by surface deposition on a blank photonic crystal. A new method for a free-form, high-density, material-independent, and highthroughput fabrication technique is thus established with a manifold of opportunities in photonic applications.

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Two-dimensional photonic crystals for sensitive microscale chemical and biochemical sensing

Cited by 98 publications

References 109 publications

Advances in optoplasmonic sensors – combining optical nano/microcavities and photonic crystals with plasmonic nanostructures and nanoparticles

Advances in optoplasmonic sensors – combining optical nano/microcavities and photonic crystals with plasmonic nanostructures and nanoparticles

Hybrid PDMS/glass microfluidics for high resolution imaging and application to sub-wavelength particle trapping

Inkjet‐Printed Nanocavities on a Photonic Crystal Template

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