Two‐Dimensional Materials for Antimicrobial Applications: Graphene Materials and Beyond

Abstract

Since the "birth" of graphene in 2004, two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted unprecedented research interest from scientists and have stimulated numerous applications in various fields, such as electronic/optical devices, energy storage, catalysis, sensors, and biomedicine. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the antimicrobial applications of 2D materials, such as graphene materials (GMs), layered double hydroxides (LDHs), transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C N ), MXenes, black phosphorus (BP), and their derivatives. This review also correlates the unique physicochemical properties of 2D materials with their antimicrobial activities. Finally, some current challenges and future perspectives in this field are also presented.

Anti‐Infective Application of Graphene‐Like Silicon Nanosheets via Membrane Destruction

“…Recently, the interaction between 2D NMs and bacterial membranes has attracted significant attention in antibacterial applications . The various characteristics of 2D NMs may participate in the underlying mechanism for their antibacterial activity .…”

“…Because of insufficient traditional therapeutic approaches such as the use of antibacterial drugs and the combination of radical surgical intervention for these devastating infections, biomaterials with antibacterial properties are attracting increasing attention . The implementation of the principles and different strategies of nanotechnology to develop antibacterial materials is considered a potential solution to this difficult medical problem …”

“…More importantly, as an emerging topology of silicon materials, 2D graphene‐like silicon nanosheets (GS NSs) differ strikingly from other silicon‐based materials such as porous silicon or silica and feature distinct physiochemical characters such as the quantum spin Hall effect, chiral superconductivity, and giant magnetoresistance owing to its special low‐buckled topography . Owing to their exceptional physical and chemical properties, 2D nanomaterials (2D NMs) have attracted extensive attention in biomedical applications such as cancer phototherapy, biosensors, and antimicrobial activity . Many 2D NMs such as graphene and derivatives, black phosphorus, MoS 2 , and Ti 3 C 2 T x MXenes exhibit antibacterial activity, which substantially reduces the possible development of bacterial drug resistance.…”

Nanohybrids of a MXene and transition metal dichalcogenide for selective detection of volatile organic compounds

“…Two-dimensional (2D) MXenes are generally produced by etching the intermediate A layers of a M n+1 AX n phase, where M, A, and X represent an early transition metal, A-group element, and carbon (or nitrogen) element (n = 1, 2, or 3), respectively 4 . Because of a combination of properties such as stable and easily tunable microstructure, high electrical conductivity, large chemically active surface, and adjustable hydrophilicity, lowdimensional MXenes and MXene-based nanocomposites have recently received considerable attention particularly to catalysis [5][6][7] , energy conversion/storage [8][9][10] , and biomedical applications [11][12][13] . Their application to gas sensor design, however, is rarely studied, and only focuses on pristine MXenes (Ti 3 C 2 T x , V 2 CT x , and Ti 2 CO 2 ) [14][15][16] .…”

Implications of Chemical Reduction Using Hydriodic Acid on the Antimicrobial Properties of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Membranes

“…[21][22][23] Recent extensive reviews on the antimicrobial effects of GO and rGO and their mechanisms of action are available in the literature. [24][25][26] Graphene materials as antimicrobial agents have received many contradicting results and conclusions. While some studies have reported the antibacterial property of graphene material, [22,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33] others have reported the lack of antimicrobial ability [34] and also the enhancement of microbial growth due to graphene material.…”