Two-Dimensional Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) Nanosheets and Their Derivatives for Diagnosis and Detection Applications

Abstract

The early diagnosis of certain fatal diseases is vital for preventing severe consequences and contributes to a more effective treatment. Despite numerous conventional methods to realize this goal, employing nanobiosensors is a novel approach that provides a fast and precise detection. Recently, nanomaterials have been widely applied as biosensors with distinctive features. Graphite phase carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a two-dimensional (2D) carbon-based nanostructure that has received attention in biosensing. Biocompatibility, biodegradability, semiconductivity, high photoluminescence yield, low-cost synthesis, easy production process, antimicrobial activity, and high stability are prominent properties that have rendered g-C3N4 a promising candidate to be used in electrochemical, optical, and other kinds of biosensors. This review presents the g-C3N4 unique features, synthesis methods, and g-C3N4-based nanomaterials. In addition, recent relevant studies on using g-C3N4 in biosensors in regard to improving treatment pathways are reviewed.

Green synthesis of glyco-CuInS2 QDs with visible/NIR dual emission for 3D multicellular tumor spheroid and in vivo imaging

“…Among them, QDs have been found as an attractive biomedical resource and widely used in vitro and in vivo for multiple color imaging and targeted drug delivery due to their broad absorption, high quantum yield, and long-term photostability [ 9 – 11 ]. Besides, many researches indicate that QDs have great potential in cancer detection and treatment [ 12 , 13 ]. Good water solubility, biocompatibility, and biological targeting of QDs, all of which are essential for biomedical application, could easily be achieved through surface modification or conjugation with carbohydrates.…”

Nanomaterials for Molecular Detection and Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles

“…Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C 3 N 4 NSs) are two-dimension nanomaterials with graphene-like properties, which have been used for various applications, from materials science to disease diagnostics [ 179 , 180 , 181 ]. An example using g-C 3 N 4 NSs for EV detection was demonstrated by Wang et al, who exploited the peroxidase-like activities of the nanosheet for colorimetric detection of exosomes [ 182 ].…”

Hierarchical Graphitic Carbon Nitride–Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-67 Nanostructures Adorned on Calcium Molybdate Nanospheres for High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications

“…The mixture was agitated for 30 min, then poured into 20 mL of ethanol containing some amount of GCN−ZIF (25,35, and 50 mg of each), and then transferred to a 100 mL stainless-steel autoclave, which was sealed and kept for 12 h in an oven at 180 °C. 25 The final CMO−GCN−ZIF product was collected and labeled CMO−GCN− ZIF-2 (25 mg each), CMO−GCN−ZIF/CMO−GCN−ZIF-1 (35 mg each), and CMO−GCN−ZIF-3 (50 mg each), centrifuged, rinsed multiple times with water and ethanol, and dried at 300 °C for 4 h. CMO−GCN was prepared without the addition of ZIF, and CMO− ZIF was prepared without the addition of GCN with the same procedure for reference. The schematic diagram shows the preparation process of the CMO−GCN−ZIF nanocomposite (Scheme 1).…”

“…Also, C and N each have a unique and varied valence capacity that allows them to individually contribute to setting boundaries. As a result, the g-C 3 N 4 network may contain a variety of valence bonds. − …”